Quick Facts For Prelims

India Signs Major Defence Contracts

31-12-2025

Source: TH

India signed defence procurement contracts worth ₹4,666 crore for the induction of modern infantry weapons and advanced naval torpedoes, reinforcing operational preparedness and indigenisation.

Read more: India’s Defense Modernization: Challenges and Opportunities


Israel’s Recognition of Somaliland

31-12-2025

Source: TH

Israel becomes the first country to formally recognise Somaliland (not a UN-recognised state) as an independent state, with implications for regional stability, maritime security, and great power competition.

Somaliland

Read More: African Union Support and Stabilisation Mission in Somalia



Small Finance Banks (SFBs)

31-10-2025

Source: BS

Why in News?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has returned Jana Small Finance Bank’s (SFB) application for transition into a universal bank, citing non-fulfilment of eligibility criteria outlined under its 2024 guidelines for SFBs.

What is a Small Finance Bank?

RBI's 2024 Guidelines for Converting SFBs into Universal Banks

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is a Small Finance Bank?

SFBs are private institutions created to enhance financial inclusion in India. They offer basic banking facilities, including deposits and credit, to unserved and underserved groups like small farmers, micro industries, and informal sector enterprises.

2. When were SFBs introduced and under whose recommendation?

Introduced in Union Budget 2014–15, based on the 2009 Raghuram Rajan Committee Report – “A Hundred Small Steps.”

3. What are the key eligibility criteria for an SFB to convert into a universal bank as per RBI's 2024 guidelines?

The SFB must be listed, have a minimum net worth of ₹1,000 crore, a profitable track record of 5 years, and maintain gross NPAs <3% and net NPAs <1% for two consecutive years.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q. What is the purpose of setting up of Small Finance Banks (SFBs) in India? (2017)

  1. To supply credit to small business units
  2. To supply credit to small and marginal farmers
  3. To encourage young entrepreneurs to set up business particularly in rural areas.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (a)



NISAR Satellite

31-07-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) - Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite, an Earth observation mission, was launched by ISRO from Sriharikota.

NISAR

What are the Key Facts About NISAR Satellite? 

NISAR

What is a Radar Band? 

Radar Band 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

Q. With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.  
  2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.  
  3. GSLV Mk III is a four-staged launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 and 3  

(c) 1 and 2  

(d) 3 only 

Ans: (a) 

Q. Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched? (2014)

Spacecraft             Purpose 

  1. Cassini-Huygens : Orbiting the Venus and transmitting data to the Earth
  2. Messenger : Mapping and investigating the Mercury
  3. Voyager 1 and 2 : Exploring the outer solar system

Select the correct answer using the code given below. 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b)




Rashtra Prerna Sthal

30-12-2025

Source: TH

The Prime Minister (PM) inaugurated the Rashtra Prerna Sthal in Lucknow on the 101st birth anniversary of former PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee, dedicating it to the ideals of unity, self-respect, and service.

Read More: Good Governance Day


Australia to Eliminate Tariffs on 100% of Indian Exports

30-12-2025

Source: TH

Under the India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (Ind-Aus ECTA) Australia will provide duty-free access to 100% of Indian exports from 1 January 2026, marking a major milestone in bilateral trade relations. 

Read more: Ind-Aus Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement


Indi and Puliyankudi Limes

30-10-2025

Source: PIB

Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) has facilitated the first-ever air shipment of GI-tagged Indi Lime (Karnataka) and Puliyankudi Lime (Tamil Nadu) to the United Kingdom.

Indi Lime (Vijayapura)

Puliyankudi Lime

Read More: India's Geographical Indication Landscape


Samudrayaan Project

30-08-2025

Source: IE

Why in News? 

Two Indian aquanauts dived into the Atlantic Ocean aboard France’s submersible Nautile as part of preparations for the Samudrayaan Project.

What is the Samudrayaan Project?

Matsya-6000

What is the Deep Ocean Mission?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q: With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements: (UPSC Prelims 2022)

  1. A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from a baseline determined in accordance with the convention.
  2. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.
  3. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (d)


Q: Consider the following statements: ( 2021)

  1. The Global Ocean Commission grants licences for seabed exploration and mining in international waters.
  2. India has received licences for seabed mineral exploration in international waters.
  3. “Rare earth minerals’ are present on the seafloor in international waters.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)



CDS Released 3 Joint Doctrines for Armed Forces

30-08-2025

Source: HT

Chief of Defence Staff released 3 joint doctrines for armed forces to enhance integration, interoperability, and operational effectiveness across land, sea, air, space, and cyber domains.

Chief of Defence Staff

Read more:  Inter-Services Organisations Rules 2025



USD 125.8 billion by 2032

30-08-2025

Source: PIB

The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has launched Project Aarohan to support the education of children of toll plaza employees.

Project Aarohan

National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)

Read More: National Highways Authority of India 



India Hosts 2nd BIMSTEC Ports Conclave

30-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

India hosted the 2nd BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) Ports Conclave in Visakhapatnam, to strengthen maritime connectivity, and sustainable development in the region.

BIMSTEC Ports Conclave 

What are the Key Outcomes of 2nd BIMSTEC Ports Conclave? 

What is BIMSTEC? 

BIMSTEC

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements in respect of BIMSTEC: (2025)

I. It is a regional organization consisting of seven member States till January 2025. 

II. It came into existence with the signing of the Dhaka Declaration, 1999. 

III. Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Nepal are founding member States of BIMSTEC.  

IV. In BIMSTEC, the subsector of 'tourism' is being led by India. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

A. I and II    

B. II and III  

C. I and IV     

D. I only  

Ans: (D)




CRISPR Technology for Climate-Resilient Crops

30-06-2025

Source: PIB 

Scientists from the Bose Institute, under the Department of Science and Technology (DST), have developed a novel CR-9ISPR-dCas9-based molecular tool that enhances plant resistance to heat stress and pathogen attacks. 

CRISPR-dCas9-Based Molecular Tool 

Working_of_Smart_Molecular_Tool

Read More: First Successful Use of Customised Base Editing 


Narsapuram Crochet Lace

29-12-2025

Source: TH

The traditional crochet lace craft of Narasapur in Andhra Pradesh exports crossed ₹150 crore in the current financial year, marking a strong revival of the craft after the Covid-19 setback.

Narsapuram Crochet Lace

Read More: India's Geographical Indication Landscape


Holy City Status and Sikh Heritage

29-12-2025

Source: IE

Why in News?

Punjab has officially declared Amritsar, Anandpur Sahib, and Talwandi Sabo as holy cities due to their deep Sikh heritage, as each hosts one of the faith’s five Takhts

Summary

What is Sikhism?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the significance of the five Takhts in Sikhism?
The five Takhts are seats of temporal and spiritual authority. The Akal Takht in Amritsar is the supreme seat, symbolizing Miri-Piri (temporal-spiritual unity), while the others are linked to key events in Guru Gobind Singh's life.

2. Who founded Sikhism and when?
Guru Nanak Dev Ji founded Sikhism in the 15th century in Punjab, emphasizing monotheism, equality, and ethical living.

3. What are the Five Ks in Sikhism?
Kesh, Kangha, Kara, Kachera, and Kirpan — worn by Khalsa Sikhs as symbols of faith, discipline, and identity.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Q. Consider the following Bhakti Saints: (2013)

  1. Dadu Dayal 
  2. Guru Nanak 
  3. Tyagaraja

Who among the above was/were preaching when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over?  

(a) 1 and 3  

(b) 2 only  

(c) 2 and 3  

(d) 1 and 2 

Ans: (b)



Sujalam Bharat Summit 2025

29-11-2025

Source: PIB 

The Ministry of Jal Shakti will host the Vision for Sujalam Bharat Summit 2025 in New Delhi, marking a major national effort to create a unified and practical water security framework. 

Read More: India's Blueprint for Clean Drinking Water 


India Advances Quantum Technology

29-11-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News? 

The Union Minister of Science & Technology visited the Quantum Research Laboratories at IIT Bombay and inaugurated the Institute’s new Liquid Helium Facility, marking a major step in India’s quantum science, cryogenicsand advanced materials. 

What are the Key Advancements in India’s Quantum Research? 

What is Quantum Technology? 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is Quantum Technology? 
Quantum Technology uses quantum mechanics principles such as superposition, entanglement, and tunneling to perform tasks beyond the capabilities of classical technologies. 

Q. How does the Q-Confocal System contribute to healthcare? 
It detects intracellular changes, including Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), enabling early-stage cancer diagnostics and real-time disease research. 

Q. What is the National Quantum Mission (NQM)?
Launched by the Ministry of Science & Technology (2023–24 to 2030–31), it promotes quantum research, development, and applications across strategic and scientific sectors. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims 

Q. Which one of the following is the context in which the term "qubit" is mentioned?(2022)

(a) Cloud Services   

(b) Quantum Computing   

(c) Visible Light Communication Technologies   

(d) Wireless Communication Technologies   

Ans: (b) 



Tewary Commission Report on Nellie Massacre

29-11-2025

Source: IE

The 1983 Nellie Massacre, during the Assam Agitation (1979–1985), has returned to public focus after the Assam government released the Tewary Commission Report, shedding new light on the tragedy. 

Assam Agitation (Assam Movement)

Read More: Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955 


Operation Sagar Bandhu

29-11-2025

Source:IE

India has initiated Operation Sagar Bandhu to deliver humanitarian assistance to Sri Lanka after Cyclone Ditwah triggered massive floods and landslides. 

Read more: India-Sri Lanka Relations 


Vaquita Porpoise

29-08-2025

Source: DTE

A new report has highlighted that only about 10 vaquita porpoise, the world’s rarest marine mammal, remain in the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez), Mexico

Vaquita Porpoise (Phocoena sinus)

Vaquita Porpoise

Read More: Vaquita Porpoise 




UN Declares Famine in Gaza

29-08-2025

Source: TH

The United Nations has officially declared a famine in Gaza, marking the first famine in West Asia, with over half a million people facing extreme hunger due to conflict and restricted access to food.

Gaza Strip

Gaza

Read more:  UNSC Resolution: Ceasefire in Gaza



PM SVANidhi 2.0

29-08-2025

Source: PIB

The Union Cabinet has approved the restructuring and extension of the Prime Minister Street Vendor’s AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) Scheme, until 31st March 2030 with an aim to benefit 1.15 crore street vendors, including 50 lakh new beneficiaries.

Read more: PM SVANidhi Scheme



UN Charts New Path for Global AI Governance

29-08-2025

Source: DTE 

The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has launched the Independent International Scientific Panel on Artificial intelligence (AI) and the Global Dialogue on AI Governance, marking a key step to harness AI benefits while managing its risks.

AI Governance in India

Read more: AI in Public Service Delivery, AI and India’s Legal Landscape



Lakkundi Excavations Boost UNESCO Bid

29-01-2026

Source: TH 

Recently, excavations at Lakkundi village in Gadag district, Karnataka, near the Kote Veerabhadreshwar Temple, yielded Neolithic-period relics, giving momentum to efforts to include the site in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list. 

Lakkundi 

Read more:  UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India 


River Delta Subsidence

29-01-2026

Source: DTE 

Why in News? 

A new global study published in Nature warns that several of India’s major river deltas are sinking at alarming rates placing millions at increasing risk of flooding and displacement. 

What are Key Findings of the Study? 

River Delta 

Feature 

Delta 

Estuary 

Nature 

Landform – built from deposited sediment at a river mouth. 

Water body – a coastal inlet where river and sea water mix. 

Formation 

Sediment deposition exceeds removal (waves/tides), building land. 

Flooding of a river valley (e.g., rising sea levels); sediment is flushed out. 

Water 

Ranges from fresh to saline. 

Brackish water with varying salinity; highly productive ecosystem. 

Shape 

Triangular/fan-shaped  with multiple channels. 

Funnel-shaped or irregular, typically a single main tidal channel. 

Key Role 

Fertile agricultural land 

Critical marine nursery; high biodiversity from nutrient mixing. 

Type 

Key Characteristics 

Examples 

Arcuate 

Fan-shaped, convex seaward; formed from coarse sediments with balanced river and wave activity. 

Nile Delta (Egypt), Ganges Delta (India) 

Bird's Foot 

Resembles a bird's claw; formed from fine sediments by strong river flow into weak-wave environments. 

Mississippi Delta (USA) 

Cuspate 

Tooth-like shape; formed by strong waves pushing sediments along a straight shoreline. 

Tiber River (Italy) 

Estuarine 

Deposits form within a submerged river valley or existing estuary. 

Seine River (France), Narmada & Tapi (India) 

Lacustrine 

Formed where a river flows into a lake. 

Lough Leanne (Ireland) 

Abandoned 

An inactive lobe left when the river shifts its main course. 

Old Yellow River Delta (China), Western Ganga (Hooghly) Delta 

Shapes_of_River_Deltas

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is a River Delta? 
A river delta is a depositional landform that develops at the mouth of a river where it discharges into a larger body of water, such as an ocean, sea, lake. 

2. Which Indian river deltas are identified as high-risk in the Nature study? 
Ganga-Brahmaputra, Brahmani, Mahanadi, Godavari, Cauvery, and Kabani deltas are experiencing significant subsidence. 

3. Why are river deltas significant for India despite their vulnerability? 
Though covering only 1 per cent of land area, deltas support agriculture, fisheries, ports, megacities, and livelihoods of millions, making their protection a national priority. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. With reference to the Indus river system, of the following four rivers, three of them pour into one of them which joins the Indus directly. Among the following, which one is such a river that joins the Indus direct? (2021)

(a) Chenab 

(b) Jhelum 

(c) Ravi 

(d) Sutlej 

Ans: (d)

Q. Consider the following pairs (2019)

            Glacier                   River 

  1. Bandarpunch –    Yamuna 
  2. Bara Shigri –        Chenab 
  3. Milam –                Mandakini 
  4. Siachen –            Nubra 
  5. Zemu –                Manas 

Which of the pairs correctly matched? 

(a) 1, 2 and 4 

(b) 1, 3 and 4 

(c) 2 and 5 

(d) 3 and 5 

Ans: (a) 



National Improvised Explosive Device Data Management System

29-01-2026

Source: TH 

The Union Home Minister inaugurated the National Improvised Explosive Device Data Management System (NIDMS) of the National Security Guard (NSG), establishing India’s first centralised national digital database of all bomb blasts since 1999.

National Improvised Explosive Device Data Management System 

National Security Guard 

Read moreNational Security Guard 


IMF Classifies India’s Exchange Rate Regime to a Crawl-Like Arrangement

28-11-2025

Source: FE

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has reclassified India’s de facto exchange rate regime from a “stabilised” system to a crawl-like arrangement. 

IMF

Read more: IMF Report on India's Financial System 


3rd India-Indonesia Defence Ministers’ Dialogue

28-11-2025

Source: AIR

India’s Defence Minister co-chaired the third India-Indonesia Defence Ministers' Dialogue with the Indonesian Defence Minister in New Delhi. The dialogue assessed regional security, addressed multilateral issues, and identified new defence cooperation avenues, highlighting the strengthening strategic commitment between India and Indonesia. 

Indonesia

Read More: India-Indonesia 


Google’s AI C2S-Scale

28-10-2025

Source: IE

Google DeepMind’s AI model Cell2Sentence-Scale 27B (C2S-Scale) produced a new, lab-confirmed hypothesis on cancer cell behavior, marking a breakthrough in AI-driven drug discovery and biological research.

C2S-Scale Model

Google DeepMind

Read More: Artificial Intelligence


Project 17A: INS Himgiri & INS Udaygiri

28-08-2025

Source: IE

Two advanced Project 17A multi-mission stealth frigates, INS Udaygiri and INS Himgiri have been commissioned, marking a significant step in India's naval modernization 

Read more: Project 17A Frigate Himgiri



Typhoon Kajiki

28-08-2025

Source: HT

Typhoon Kajiki struck Vietnam’s coastal provinces, resulting in extensive flooding, significant crop losses, and multiple fatalities.

Vietnam

Vietnam Cyclones

Read More: Cyclone 



Integrated Air Drop Test for Gaganyaan Mission

28-08-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully conducted its first Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT-1) for the Gaganyaan mission.  

What is Gaganyaan Mission?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites. 
  2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
  3. GSLV Mk III is a four-staged launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only  
(b) 2 and 3 
(c) 1 and 2  
(d) 3 only 

Ans: (a) 


Q. Consider the following statements: (2016)

  1. The Mangalyaan launched by ISRO is also called the Mars Orbiter Mission
  2. made India the second country to have a spacecraft orbit the Mars after USA
  3. made India the only country to be successful in making its spacecraft orbit the Mars in its very first attempt

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only  
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only  
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space mission. What are the main obstacles to launching a manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Examine critically. (2017)



Financial Conditions Index

28-07-2025

Source: IE 

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has proposed a daily-frequency Financial Conditions Index (FCI) to assess India’s financial market health in real-time to aid policymakers and analysts. 

Read More: Role of the Financial Sector in India's Development 



RGI Directives on Birth Certificates

28-06-2025

Source: TH 

The Registrar General of India (under the Ministry of Home Affairs) has directed all States to ensure birth certificates are issued within 7 days of registration, preferably before discharging newborns from hospitals, especially in government facilities, which account for over 50% of institutional births in India. 

Read More: Registration of Births and Deaths in India 


Male Mahadeshwara Hills Wildlife Sanctuary

28-06-2025

Source: TOI 

A tigress and her four cubs were found dead in Karnataka’s Male Mahadeshwara Hills (MM Hills) Wildlife Sanctuary, suspected to have been poisoned amid escalating human-wildlife conflict. 

Male Mahadeshwara Hills Wildlife Sanctuary 

Read More: Human-Animal Conflict 


Review of Project Elephant

28-06-2025

Source: IE 

The Union Environment Ministry reviewed key initiatives under Project Elephant (1992) , highlighting the completion of Phase-I of the synchronized elephant population estimation in Northeastern states. 

Key Highlights of Project Elephant Review 

Elephants 

 

Read More: Elephant Poaching in Tamil Nadu 


Impact of Climate Change on Global Food Production

28-06-2025

Source: TH 

A study warns that every 1°C rise in global temperatures will lead to a 4% reduction in per capita calorie availability by 2100, severely impacting staple crops like wheat, rice, maize, and soybean. 

Key Findings 

Read More: Climate Resilient Agriculture 


Indian Navy's First Training Squadron Visits Thailand

28-01-2026

Source: PIB 

Indian Navy’s First Training Squadron (1TS) (INS Tir, INS Shardul, INS Sujata, and ICGS Sarathi) docked at Phuket Deep Sea Port, marking a training deployment to Southeast Asia and underscoring the growing maritime partnership between India and Thailand aimed at regional security and stability. 

Read more: India-Thailand Relations 


SAMPANN–UMANG Integration

28-01-2026

Source: PIB 

The SAMPANN (System for Accounting and Management of Pension) pension management system has been integrated with the UMANG(Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance) platform to provide digital access to key pension services for telecom pensioners. 

SAMPANN 

Read more: UMANG App 


OMO Purchases and Dollar–Rupee Swap

27-12-2025

Source: TH 

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has announced a dual intervention comprising Open Market Operation (OMO) purchases of government securities and a Dollar-Rupee buy/sell swap auction. 

Summary

What are Open Market Operations (OMOs)? 

What are Rupee–Dollar Swap Operations? 

Why RBI uses Both Together?

Read More: Open Market Operations by RBI 


Rabies in India

27-12-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

A recent study by One Health has brought renewed attention to rabies in India, highlighting that the country alone accounts for nearly one-third of global rabies deaths, despite the disease being entirely preventable.

Summary 

What are the Key Findings of the Study on Rabies in India? 

What are the Key Facts About Rabies? 

India’s Measures for Rabies Control in India 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. Why is rabies considered a major public health problem in India? 
India accounts for about 20,000 of the 59,000 global rabies deaths annually, mainly due to dog bites, delayed treatment, and poor access to vaccines and RIG. 

2. Which programme addresses rabies control in India? 
The National Rabies Control Programme (NRCP) focuses on surveillance, prevention, free treatment, and capacity building under the National Health Mission.

3. What makes rabies almost always fatal? 
Once the rabies virus reaches the central nervous system and symptoms appear, the disease is 100% fatal, with no effective cure.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Q. Consider the following diseases: (2014)

  1. Diphtheria 
  2. Chickenpox 
  3. Smallpox 

Which of the above diseases has/have been eradicated in India? 

(a) 1 and 2 only   

(b) 3 only  

(c) 1, 2 and 3  

(d) None  

Ans: (b) 

Q. With reference to recent developments regarding ‘Recombinant Vector Vaccines’, consider the following statements: (2021)

  1. Genetic engineering is applied in the development of these vaccines. 
  2. Bacteria and viruses are used as vectors. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only  

(c) Both 1 and 2   

(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (c)



India’s Iconic Bridges

27-12-2025

Source: PIB 

India has built numerous bridges that are strategic and economic lifelines, connecting regions, navigating difficult terrains, and demonstrating engineering excellence. 

Read More: Infrastructure Development in India 


India Tops Global Doping Violations in 2024

27-12-2025

Source: TOI 

India has been named the world's worst doping offender for a 3rd straight year, with a record 260 violations in 2024 as per the WADA Annual Report 2024. 

 

World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) 

National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA) 

Read More: World Anti-Doping Report 2022 


Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project

27-12-2025

Source:PIB 

The Union Minister of Power, Housing & Urban Affairs inaugurated the commercial operation of Unit–2 (250 MW) of the Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project. 

Subansiri River 

Subansiri

Read more: Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project 


SURYAKIRAN XIX – 2025

27-11-2025

Source:PIB 

The 19th edition of the India–Nepal joint military exercise, SURYAKIRAN XIX – 2025, was held at Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, to deepen military cooperation. 

India- Nepal Defence Relations 

Nepal

Read more: Building a Resilient India–Nepal Relationship 


Yuge Yugeen Bharat National Museum

27-10-2025

Source: IE

The first gallery of the Yuge Yugeen Bharat National Museum is expected to open by end-2026, the museum is set to become the largest in the world, replacing the existing National Museum.

Yuge Yugeen Bharat National Museum

Read More: UNESCO's Virtual Museum of Stolen Cultural Objects



China’s Wildlife Diplomacy

27-10-2025

Source:  TOI

Golden Snub-nosed Monkey

Read more: Malaysia's Orangutan Diplomacy



WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies

27-09-2025

Source: ET

Why in News?

India is in the process of ratifying the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies, positioning itself as a strong voice for sustainable fishing practices and the protection of small-scale fishers. 

What is the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies?

What is India’s Stance on WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies?

What are India’s Initiatives and Schemes to Promote Sustainable Fisheries?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. The terms ‘Agreement on Agriculture’, ‘Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures’ and ‘Peace Clause’ appear in the news frequently in the context of the affairs of the (2015)

(a) Food and Agriculture Organization 

(b) United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change 

(c) World Trade Organization  

(d) United Nations Environment Programme 

Ans: (c)


Mains:

Q. WTO is an important international institution where decisions taken affect countries in a profound manner. What is the mandate of WTO and how binding are their decisions? Critically analyse India’s stand on the latest round of talks on Food security. (2014)



National Initiative on Water Security

27-09-2025

Source:PIB

The Union Government has launched the National Initiative on Water Security under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 2005, prioritizing water conservation across rural India

Read more: Water Management: From Scarcity to Sustainability



Climate Change & Workplace Heat Stress Report

27-08-2025

Source: WHO

The World Health Organization (WHO) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO) released a joint report, Climate Change and Workplace Heat Stress, highlighting the escalating global health risks of extreme heat for workers worldwide due to climate change.

Heat- Stress Impact on Workers

Read More: Heat Waves in India 




Favipiravir Shows Promise Against Chandipura Virus (CHPV)

27-06-2025

Source: TH 

The ICMR-National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune has identified Favipiravir as a potential therapeutic drug against Chandipura virus (CHPV). In preclinical mouse studies, it showed reduced viral load and improved survival, but the results are preliminary. Further animal model validation is required before progressing to human clinical trials. 

Chandipura Virus (CHPV) 

Favipiravir 

Read More: Chandipura Virus Infection, Antiviral Drug Umifenovir 


India Sends Second Astronaut to Space

27-06-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News?

India achieves a historic milestone as Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla becomes the second Indian to travel to space, after Rakesh Sharma in 1984, and the first Indian to set foot on the International Space Station (ISS). 

What is the Axiom-4 Mission? 

What is the Significance of the Axiom-4 Mission for India? 

What are the Key Facts Related to the International Space Station (ISS)? 

About_International _Space _Station (ISS)

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims: 

Q. What is the purpose of the US Space Agency’s Themis Mission, which was recently in the news? (2008)

(a) To study the possibility of life on Mars 
(b) To study the satellites of Saturn 
(c) To study the colourful display of high-latitude skies 
(d) To build a space laboratory to study the stellar explosions 

Ans: (c) 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2016)

  1. The Mangalyaan launched by ISRO 
  2. is also called the Mars Orbiter Mission 
  3. made India the second country to have a spacecraft orbit the Mars after USA 
  4. made India the only country to be successful in making its spacecraft orbit the Mars in its very first attempt 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c)



SC Directs States on Police–Media Briefing Policy

27-01-2026

Source: TH 

The Supreme Court (SC) of India has directed all State governments to formulate a comprehensive policy for police media briefings within three months, modeled on the manual prepared by amicus curiae Gopal Sankaranarayanan, to ensure a balance between transparency and the rights of the accused. 

Read more: Strengthening Policing for India's Future 


Tamil Nadu Opposes UGC Circular on Third Language

27-01-2026

Source: TH 

Tamil Nadu has formally opposed the University Grants Commission's (UGC) circular mandating a third language in higher educational institutions, characterizing it as an "indirect attempt to impose Hindi" and reaffirming the State's steadfast commitment to its historic two-language policy. 

Read more: Three Language Formula and Autonomy in Language Policy 


ASEAN–India Digital Ministers’ Meeting

27-01-2026

Source: PIB 

The 6th ASEAN–India Digital Ministers’ Meeting (ADGMIN) was co‑chaired virtually by India and Vietnam, focusing on the theme “Adaptive ASEAN: From Connectivity to Connected Intelligence”. 

Key Highlights of the 6th ADGMIN Meeting 

Read More: Forging a New Era of India-ASEAN Relations 


MSDE–WEF India Skills Accelerator

27-01-2026

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE), has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the World Economic Forum (WEF) to strengthen India’s skills and Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) ecosystem. 

What is the MSDE- WEF India Skills Accelerator?

What are the Key Initiatives Driving India’s TVET Landscape?

Scheme/ Programme 

Target Group 

Key Features / Objectives 

Skill India Mission (SIM) 

Youth across India 

  • Implemented by MSDE to provide skill, re-skill, and up-skill training- delivered through a nationwide network of training centres, institutes, and digital platforms 
  • SIM aims to make youth future-ready and industry-ready 

Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) 

Youth, including rural population 

  • PMKVY Phase 4 (2022-26) emphasizes short-term training, reskilling, and upskilling through Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL). 
  • It focuses on employability-oriented skills. 

Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS) 

Non-literates, neo-literates, school dropouts (15–45 years) 

  • Vocational skills for socially and economically disadvantaged groups- priority is given to women, SC, ST, OBC, minorities with special provisions for Divyangjan 

National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS) 

Apprentices and industrial establishments 

  • Promotes apprenticeship training by providing financial support to establishments under the Apprentices Act, 1961, combining basic training with on-the-job workplace training. 

Craftsmen Training Scheme (CTS) 

Youth seeking long-term vocational training 

  • Implemented through ITIs across India in multiple economic sectors. 
  • It aims to create an industry-ready skilled workforce and promote youth self-employment. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the India Skills Accelerator? 
It is a multistakeholder platform under the MSDE–WEF partnership to address present and future skill gaps through industry-aligned skilling models. 

2. What are the key objectives of the MSDE–WEF MoU? 
To align skilling with global labour-market needs, strengthen public–private partnerships, and scale innovative TVET solutions. 

3. How does the initiative support NEP 2020? 
It integrates vocational education with general and higher education, promotes flexible curricula, and encourages lifelong learning. 

4. Why is the Skills Accelerator significant for India’s demographic dividend? 
It enhances employability of over 500 million youth under 25 by creating a future-ready, globally competitive workforce. 

5. Which major schemes form the backbone of India’s TVET landscape? 
Skill India Mission, PMKVY, Jan Shikshan Sansthan, National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme, and Craftsmen Training Scheme. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims 

1. With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment.   
  2. It, among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, and financial and digital literacy.   
  3. It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework.   

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 and 3 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 2 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3   

Ans: (c)



Granth Kutir

27-01-2026

Source: TH 

Recently, the President of India inaugurated the Granth Kutir at Rashtrapati Bhavan. 

Granth Kutir 

Read more: Revival of National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) 


Padma Awards 2026

27-01-2026

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

On the eve of  the 77th Republic Day 2026, the President approved the 2026 Padma awards list of 131 recipients, comprising 5 Padma Vibhushan, 13 Padma Bhushan, and 113 Padma Shri awards.  

What are Padma Awards? 

Abolition of Titles (Article 18 of the Constitution) 

Civilian_&_Gallantry_Awards

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What are Padma Awards? 
Padma Awards are India’s premier civilian honours, instituted in 1954 to recognise distinguished and exceptional service in diverse fields of public service and human endeavour. 

2. Why are Padma Awards not considered “titles” under Article 18? 
The Supreme Court held that Padma Awards are non-hereditary recognitions of merit, not prefixes or suffixes, and hence do not violate Article 18(1). 

3. Who oversees the selection of Padma Award recipients? 
The Padma Awards Committee, chaired by the Cabinet Secretary and appointed by the Prime Minister, scrutinises nominations and submits recommendations. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Q. Consider the following statements in respect of Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards: (2021)

  1. Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titles under the Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India.  
  2. Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once.  
  3. The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year.  

Which of the above statements are not correct?  

(a) 1 and 2 only   

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only   

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (d) 



Reservation for Agniveers in CAPFs

26-12-2025

Source:TH 

The Union Home Ministry has decided to increase reservation for ex-Agniveers in Group C posts of Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) from 10% to 50%, marking a major policy shift under the Agnipath scheme. 

Agnipath Scheme 

central_armed_police_forces

Read more: Agnipath Scheme 


Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Plant and Fukushima Disaster

26-12-2025

Source: TH 

Nearly 15 years after the Fukushima disaster, Japan plans to restart the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear plant but the move has triggered protests, with Fukushima survivors warning against renewed nuclear safety risks. 

Note:  As of 2025, India’s nuclear power capacity stands at about 8.18 GW, and the country has set a long-term target of 100 GW by 2047. To accelerate this expansion, the SHANTI Act, 2025 opens nuclear reactor development to private sector participation, marking a major policy shift aimed at mobilising investment, improving efficiency.

Read more: India's Nuclear Energy Roadmap 


ISRO’s Heaviest Launch: BlueBird Block-2

26-12-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

ISRO marked a major milestone by launching its heaviest satellite, BlueBird Block-2 (6,100 kg, by the US firm AST SpaceMobile), using the Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3) rocket, showcasing India’s strong heavy-lift launch capability. 

Summary 

What is BlueBird Block-2? 

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) 

Orbits

What is the LVM3 Launch Vehicle? 

launch_vehicle

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is BlueBird Block-2? 
BlueBird Block-2 is a 6,100 kg commercial satellite by AST SpaceMobile, providing direct-to-mobile 4G/5G connectivity in LEO (160 km to 2,000 km). 

2. What is the significance of LEO? 
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) hosts communication, Earth observation, and navigation satellites, enabling low-latency global connectivity. 

3. What are the stages of the LVM-3 rocket? 
LVM-3 has three stages: S200 solid boosters, L110 liquid-fueled core, and C25 cryogenic upper stage, optimized for heavy-lift missions. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Q. With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites. 
  2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth. 
  3. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 and 3 

(c) 1 and 2 

(d) 3 only 

Ans: (a)

Q. In which of the following activities are Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites used? (2015)

  1. Assessment of crop productivity 
  2. Locating groundwater resources 
  3. Mineral exploration 
  4. Telecommunications 
  5. Traffic studies 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only  

(b) 4 and 5 only 

(c) 1 and 2 only  

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 

Ans: (a) 



Micrometeoroids and Orbital Debris

26-12-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?  

The Micrometeoroids and Orbital Debris (MMOD) threat has regained attention after space debris damaged China’s Shenzhou-20 capsule. With expanding human spaceflight including Gaganyaan, protecting astronauts from high-velocity debris is now critical.

What are Micrometeoroids and Orbital Debris (MMOD)? 

Protection of Gaganyaan Crew from MMOD 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1.What are Micrometeoroids and Orbital Debris (MMOD)? 
Micrometeoroids are natural high-velocity space particles, while orbital debris consists of defunct human-made objects like satellites and rocket fragments in Earth’s orbit. 

2. Why is MMOD considered dangerous despite the small size of debris?
Due to extreme velocities (up to 72 km/s), even millimetre-sized particles can cause catastrophic damage to spacecraft systems.

3. What is the Kessler Syndrome?
It refers to a collision cascade where debris impacts generate more debris, potentially rendering certain orbits unusable.

4. What global mechanisms exist to manage space debris?
Frameworks include the Outer Space Treaty (1967), Liability Convention (1972), and technical guidelines by Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee, adopted by United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, though they are largely non-binding.



Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Programme

26-11-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme has completed 50 years since its launch as a pilot in Karnataka, one of its earliest adopters, the programme now is the world’s largest community-based early childhood development programme. 

What is the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Programme? 

ICDS

Mission Saksham Anganwadi & Poshan 2.0 

Mission_Saksham_Anganwadi_Poshan 2.0

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is ICDS?
ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services) is a centrally sponsored flagship programme that provides an integrated package — supplementary nutrition, pre-school education, immunisation, health check-ups, referral services and health & nutrition education — for children (0–6 years) and pregnant/lactating mothers.

Q. What is Mission Saksham Anganwadi & POSHAN 2.0?
It is the restructured umbrella programme that subsumes ICDS, Poshan Abhiyaan, Scheme for Adolescent Girls and National Crèche Scheme to strengthen nutrition, ECCE, anganwadi infrastructure and adolescent nutrition through convergence and digital monitoring (Poshan Tracker).

Q. How does Poshan Tracker help programme delivery?
Poshan Tracker enables real-time monitoring of nutrition indicators, beneficiary tracking and convergence with RCH data, improving targeting and accountability 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Which of the following are the objectives of ‘National Nutrition Mission’? (2017)

  1. To create awareness relating to malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating mothers. 
  2. To reduce the incidence of anaemia among young children, adolescent girls and women. 
  3. To promote the consumption of millets, coarse cereals and unpolished rice. 
  4. To promote the consumption of poultry eggs. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1, 2 and 4 only 

(d) 3 and 4 only

Ans: (a) 



Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT)

26-09-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News? 

The Union Finance Minister formally launched the Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT), marking a significant milestone in India’s GST journey. The tribunal is set to streamline dispute resolution  and reinforce trust in India’s indirect tax system.

What is the Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT)?

Read more: GST 2.0 with Next-generation Reforms

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. Consider the following items: (2018)  

Cereal grains hulled 

Chicken eggs cooked 

Fish processed and canned 

Newspapers containing advertising material 

Which of the above items is/are exempted under GST (Good and Services Tax)?  

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only 
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4  

Ans: (c)  

Q. What is/are the most likely advantages of implementing ‘Goods and Services Tax (GST)’? (2017) 

It will replace multiple taxes collected by multiple authorities and will thus create a single market in India. 

It will drastically reduce the ‘Current Account Deficit’ of India and will enable it to increase its foreign exchange reserves. 

It will enormously increase the growth and size of the economy of India and will enable it to overtake China in the near future. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1 only  
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only  
(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (a) 



Sir Bani Yas Island

26-08-2025

Source: IE

A 1,400-year-old Christian cross has been unearthed from the ancient monastery on Sir Bani Yas Island, Abu Dhabi. Similar artifacts found in Iraq and Kuwait, linked to the historic Church of the East, point to the legacy of cultural harmony in the Gulf region.

Sir_Bani_Yas

Read more: India-UAE Ties: From Tradition to Transformation




Sohrai, Pattachitra, and Patua Paintings

26-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

Artists from Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal participated in the 2nd edition of Kala Utsav 2025 – 'Artists in Residence Programme' at Rashtrapati Bhavan, showcasing traditional paintings like Sohrai Khovar, Pattachitra, and Patua. 

What are the Key Facts Regarding Sohrai, Pattachitra, and Patua Paintings? 

Sohrai Painting 

Patta Chitra 

Patua Painting 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Q. The well-known painting “Bani Thani” belongs to the (2018)

(a) Bundi school  

(b) Jaipur school 

(c) Kangra school  

(d) Kishangarh school 

Ans: (d)

Q. The painting of Bodhisattva Padmapani is one of the most famous and oft-illustrated paintings at (2017)

(a) Ajanta  

(b) Badami 

(c) Bagh  

(d) Ellora 

Ans: (a)

Q. Kalamkari painting refers to 

(a) a hand-painted cotton textile in South India 

(b) a handmade drawing on bamboo handicrafts in North-East India 

(c) a block-painted woollen cloth in Western Himalayan region of India 

(d) a hand-painted decorative silk cloth in North Western India 

Ans: (a)



Kargil Vijay Diwas

26-07-2025

Source: BS 

India celebrates Kargil Vijay Diwas every year on 26th July to honour the bravery of Indian soldiers who fought in the 1999 Kargil War 

Read more:  Kargil Vijay Diwas 


India’s First Tribal Genome Sequencing Project

26-07-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

Gujarat has launched India’s first Tribal Genome Sequencing Project to map the genetic profile of tribal populations 

Gujarat’s Tribal Genome Sequencing Project 

Genome Sequencing 

Gene editing _gene sequencing

Read more: Genome India Project 


2025 Henley Passport Index Q2

26-07-2025

Source: TH 

India ranks 77th in the Henley Passport Index 2025 (Q2), up from 85th in January 2025 (Q1), showing a modest but notable improvement in global mobility for Indian citizens. 

Read more: Henley Passport Index 2025 


India Pledges USD 450 Million to Aid Sri Lanka

25-12-2025

Source:TH 

India announced a USD 450 million reconstruction package to support Sri Lanka’s recovery after Cyclone Ditwah, reinforcing India’s role as a first responder and trusted partner in the Indian Ocean region. 

Read more: Strengthening India- Sri Lanka Ties 


DHRUV64 Microprocessor

25-12-2025

Source: TH 

On 15th December, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) announced the launch of DHRUV64, a fully indigenous 64-bit microprocessor developed by C-DAC under the Microprocessor Development Programme (MDP), aimed at strengthening India’s sovereign semiconductor ecosystem. 

DHRUV64 

THEJAS32 was the first India-designed chip DIR-V chip to be fabricated (in Malaysia) and THEJAS64 was the second, manufactured at SCL Mohali. DHRUV64 is the third on this list. 

features_of_dhruv64_processor

Read More: Swadeshi Microprocessor Challenge, India’s Semiconductor Ambitions 


Rhino Dehorning as a Conservation Strategy

25-12-2025

Source: TH 

A recent study published in Science shows that rhino dehorning has led to a sharp decline in poaching in African reserves, offering crucial insights into evidence-based wildlife conservation amid a booming illegal wildlife trade. 

Rhino

Read more: State of the Rhino 2023 


Birth Anniversary of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya

25-12-2025

Source: PIB 

The birth anniversary of Bharat Ratna Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya is observed on 25th December. 

Pandit_Madan_Mohan_Malaviya

Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya 

Read More: Madan Mohan Malaviya Jayanti 


Mekedatu Dam

25-11-2025

Source: TH

Karnataka has announced that it would submit a revised Detailed Project Report (DPR) to the Centre for the Mekedatu dam across the Cauvery river.

Mekedatu Dam

Cauvery River Water Dispute

Note: Water is a State subject under Entry 17 of the State List, but the regulation and development of inter-state rivers come under Entry 56 of the Union List.

Read More: Mekedatu Project



Lachit Borphukan

25-11-2025

Source: PIB

On Lachit Diwas, the Prime Minister paid tribute to Lachit Borphukan, honouring him as a symbol of courage, patriotism, and inspiring leadership.

Read more: General Lachit Borphukan of Ahom Kingdom



Punjab Declares Three Historic Sikh Sites as Holy Cities

25-11-2025

Source: IE

Punjab has passed a resolution to declare the Amritsar Walled City, Anandpur Sahib, and Talwandi Sabo as holy cities, marking a major cultural and governance decision aligned with the 350th martyrdom anniversary of Guru Tegh Bahadur.

Read more: Guru Tegh Bahadur Prakash Purab



International Snow Leopard Day

25-10-2025

Source: PIB 

India marked International Snow Leopard Day with the ‘#23for23’ campaign to raise awareness about snow leopard conservation. 

  Read more: Snow Leopard 



International Convention Against Doping in Sport

25-10-2025

Source: PIB 

 At the 10th Session of the Conference of Parties (COP10) to the International Convention against Doping in Sport, held at UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, India was re-elected as Vice-Chairperson of the Bureau for the Asia-Pacific for the 2025–2027 term. 

International Convention Against Doping in Sport 

 

National Anti-Doping Agency 

  • NADA, established in 2005 as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act of 1860, is tasked with promoting dope-free sports in India 
    • NADA plans, implements, and coordinates the country’s anti-doping activities in accordance with the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) code and regulations. 
  • The National Anti-Doping Act, 2022 provides legal authority to NADA for regulating anti-doping activities in sports and implementing the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport. 
    • The National Anti-Doping (Amendment) Act, 2025 has further strengthened this framework by enhancing enforcement mechanisms, ensuring greater accountability, and aligning India’s anti-doping regime with evolving global standards. 

Read More: Doping 



Kashmir’s First Chrysanthemum Garden

25-10-2025

Source: IE 

Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) has launched its first chrysanthemum garden as part of efforts to extend the Valley's tourist season beyond spring, transitioning from tulips (Gul-e-Lala) to chrysanthemums (Gul-e-Dawood). 

Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema Grandiflora) 

 

Read More: Revival of Lotus in Wular Lake 


Defamation

25-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

A judge of the Supreme Court of India highlighted the need to decriminalise defamation, citing concerns over its increasing misuse by political leaders and private individuals to settle personal and political disputes.

What is Defamation?

What is the Need to Decriminalise Defamation?

What Measures Can Strengthen Defamation Laws While Protecting Free Speech in India?

Conclusion

Defamation remains a complex issue where free speech and reputation often collide. Any change must weigh the risk of silencing criticism against the need to protect dignity, demanding cautious, well-researched reforms.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  Analyse the misuse of defamation laws and its impact on democratic discourse.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ):

Mains

Q. What do you understand by the concept of “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. (2014)



PRAGATI

25-09-2025

Source: PIB

The Prime Minister chaired the 49th meeting of PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation), focusing on expediting key infrastructure projects.

PRAGATI

Read more: PRAGATI



Palmyra Palm Trees

25-08-2025

Source: DTE

Odisha has restricted the felling of Palmyra palm trees due to their ecological and social benefits. 

Palmyra Palm Tree (Borassus flabellifer) 

Palmyra Palm Tree

Read More: Prioritising Oil Palm Plantation 


Integrated Air Defence Weapon System Under Mission Sudarshan Chakra

25-08-2025

Source: IE 

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully conducted the first flight tests of the Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS), under Mission Sudarshan Chakra. 

Read more:   India’s Advancements in Ballistic and Air Defence Systems 


UN High Commissioner for Refugees

25-08-2025

Source: TH

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has temporarily suspended voluntary repatriation of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees from India after arrests of returnees in Sri Lanka. 

Read More: Refugees and Ethics 


Birth Anniversary of Bal Gangadhar Tilak

25-07-2025

Source: PIB 

The birth anniversary of Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak was observed on 23rd July 2025. 

Bal Gangadhar Tilak 

Tilak

Read More: Bal Gangadhar Tilak 


DHRUVA Policy

25-07-2025

Source: PIB 

The Department of Posts has introduced DHRUVA (Digital Hub for Reference and Unique Virtual Address) Policy, a geo-coded digital address system to revolutionize governance, logistics, and service delivery in India. 

DHRUVA Policy 

Read More: Post Office Act 2023 


ICJ’s Advisory on State Duties for Climate Action

25-07-2025

Source: DTE 

Why in News?  

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued a landmark advisory opinion stating that countries can be held legally responsible for their role in driving climate change.  

What is the ICJ’s Stance on State Obligations on Climate Change? 

What is the International Court of Justice (ICJ)? 

Note: The ICJ is separate from the International Criminal Court (ICC), which deals with criminal cases against individuals. 

ICJ_ICC

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss the mandate of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and its role in climate governance?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. “Rule of Law Index” is released by which of the following? ( 2018)

A. Amnesty International 

B. International Court of Justice 

C. The Office of the UN Commissioner for Human Rights 

D. World Justice Project 

Ans: (D)


Mains 

Q. Clean energy is the order of the day. Describe briefly India’s changing policy towards climate change in various international fora in the context of geopolitics. (2022)



Thirst Waves

25-06-2025

Source: TH

Global warming is making the air thirstier, causing higher evaporative demand that dries out land and plants—a phenomenon called thirst waves.

Thirst Waves

Read More: Heatwaves as a Notified Disaster





State of Climate in Asia 2024 Report

25-06-2025

Source: IE

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) released the State of Climate in Asia 2024 report that revealed Asia warmed nearly twice as fast as the global average in 2024, marking its hottest or second-hottest year on record.

Key Findings:

Read More: State of the Global Climate 2023: WMO



Indigenous TnpB-Based Gene Editing Technology

24-11-2025

Source: IE

Why in News? 

Indian scientists at ICAR’s Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI), Cuttack, have developed a new indigenous genome-editing technology using TnpB proteins, offering a compact, low-cost and IP-free alternative to the globally patented CRISPR-Cas systems.

What is India’s Indigenous TnpB-Based Genome Editing Tool?

What is BIRSA 101?

What is Genome Editing?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is India’s indigenous TnpB-based genome-editing tool?

It is a compact, IP-free genome editor developed by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) - Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI) using TnpB proteins, enabling precise DNA edits in plants without costly CRISPR patents.

2. Why is TnpB considered better for plant genome editing?

TnpB is extremely small (408 amino acids), making it easier to deliver into plant cells and reducing the need for complex tissue-culture steps required for Cas9/Cas12a.

3. What is BIRSA 101 and who developed it?

BIRSA 101 is India’s first indigenous CRISPR-based gene therapy for Sickle Cell Disease, developed by Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR–IGIB) using the engineered enFnCas9 platform.

4. Why is BIRSA 101 important for India’s tribal communities?

Sickle Cell Disease has a high prevalence among tribal populations, and BIRSA 101 offers a potential one-time curative therapy at low cost.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. What is Cas9 protein that is often mentioned in news? (2019)

(a) A molecular scissors used in targeted gene editing

(b) A biosensor used in the accurate detection of pathogens in patients

(c) A gene that makes plants pest-resistant

(d) A herbicidal substance synthesized in genetically modified crops

Ans: (a)


Mains

Q. What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of society? (2021)



Seychelles Joins Colombo Security Conclave (CSC)

24-11-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

The 7th National Security Adviser (NSA) - level meeting of the Colombo Security Conclave (CSC) was held in New Delhi, where Seychelles was inducted as the 6th full member, marking a significant expansion of the grouping and strengthening its role in safeguarding the Indian Ocean Region.

What are the Key Facts About the Colombo Security Conclave (CSC)?

Seychelles

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the Colombo Security Conclave (CSC)?
CSC is a regional security grouping of Indian Ocean states—India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Mauritius and Seychelles—focused on cooperative responses to maritime and transnational security challenges.

2. Why is Seychelles’ membership important for CSC?
Seychelles’ strategic location and large EEZ strengthen CSC’s western IOR footprint, enhancing maritime surveillance, anti-piracy cooperation and Blue Economy partnerships under India’s SAGAR initiative.

3. What are the five pillars of cooperation under CSC?
CSC focuses on maritime safety & security, counter-terrorism & radicalisation, combating trafficking & transnational organised crime, cybersecurity & protection of critical infrastructure, and humanitarian assistance & disaster relief (HADR).

4. How does CSC support India’s strategic objectives in the IOR?
By institutionalising NSA-level dialogue and operational cooperation, CSC reinforces India’s role as a regional security provider, counters external influence, and promotes a rules-based maritime order.



Womaniya Initiative

24-11-2025

Source: PIB

The Government e-Marketplace (GeM), and UN Women have signed an MoU under the Womaniya initiative to boost women entrepreneurs’ participation in public procurement and advancing SDG 5 (Gender Equality).

Womaniya Initiative

GeM

Read More: GeM’s 8th Incorporation Day



Humboldt Penguin

24-11-2025

Source: DD

Chile has reclassified the Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) as endangered, reflecting growing concern as the species faces a sharp population decline along its Pacific coastline.

Read more: Humboldt Penguin



‘Atomic Stencils’ Enable Precision Design of Nanoparticles

24-10-2025

Source: TH

Researchers have developed an atomic stenciling technique to precisely apply polymer patches onto microscopic gold nanoparticles, allowing unprecedented control over their structure.

Stenciling is a technique for applying a design or pattern to a surface by passing ink, paint, or another medium through a cut-out template (the stencil)

Read More: Nanotechnology



EPF New Withdrawal Rules 2025

24-10-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

The Central Board of Trustees (CBT) of the Employees Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) approved new guidelines for partial and premature withdrawal of Provident Fund (PF) funds, aiming to enhance the “ease of living” for subscribers. 

What are the EPF New Withdrawal Provisions 2025?

What is an Employees Provident Fund (EPF)?

Employees Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF)?
EPF is a social security and retirement savings scheme for salaried employees in India, administered by EPFO under the Ministry of Labour and Employment.

2. Who can become a member of EPF?
All employees in establishments with 20 or more workers are eligible from the date of joining, providing access to PF savings, pension, and insurance benefits.

3. What schemes are administered by EPFO?
EPFO administers three schemes: Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF), Employees’ Pension Scheme (EPS), and Employees’ Deposit Linked Insurance (EDLI).

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. With reference to casual workers employed in India, consider the following statements:

1. All casual workers are entitled for Employees Provident Fund Coverage.

2. All casual workers are entitled for regular working hours and overtime payment.

3. The government can by a notification specify that an establishment or industry shall pay wages only through its bank account.

Which of the above statements are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: D



Defence Procurement Manual (DPM) 2025

24-10-2025

Source: PIB

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh released the Defence Procurement Manual (DPM) 2025, effective from 1st November 2025, to simplify procedures, ensure uniformity, and boost Armed Forces’ operational preparedness.

Read more: Reviewing Defence Procurement Procedure



Unified Payments Interface

24-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) released a note titled Growing Retail Digital Payments: The Value of Interoperability,  emphasizing the role of the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) in transforming India's digital payment ecosystem. 

What is Unified Payments Interface (UPI)? 

How Has UPI Transformed India’s Digital Payment Ecosystem? 

Digital Foundation Behind UPI 

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q1. With reference to digital payments, consider the following statements: (2018) 

  1. BHIM app allows the user to transfer money to anyone with a UPI-enabled bank account. 
  2. While a chip-pin debit card has four factors of authentication, BHIM app has only two factors of authentication. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (a) 

Q2. Which of the following is a most likely consequence of implementing the ‘Unified Payments Interface (UPI)’? (2017) 

(a) Mobile wallets will not be necessary for online payments. 
(b) Digital currency will totally replace the physical currency in about two decades. 
(c) FDI inflows will drastically increase. 
(d) Direct transfer of subsidies to poor people will become very effective. 

Ans: (a) 

Q3. Consider the following statements: (2017) 

  1. National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) helps in promoting the financial inclusion in the country. 
  2. NPCI has launched RuPay, a card payment scheme. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (c)



Hornbill Conservation Centre

24-07-2025

Source: TH 

The Tamil Nadu government has announced the establishment of India’s first Centre of Excellence for Hornbill Conservation at the Anamalai Tiger Reserve (ATR). 

Hornbill 

Hornbill

Read More: Anamalai Tiger Reserve 


Bharat NCX 2025

24-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Bharat NCX 2025, India’s premier national cybersecurity exercise ( 21st July– 1st August, 2025), was inaugurated with the theme ‘Enhancing the Operational Preparedness of Indian Cyberspace’. 

Read More: Global Cybersecurity Outlook 2025 


Rare Donor Registry Integrated with e-Rakt Kosh

24-06-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

The Union Health Ministry is integrating the Rare Donor Registry of India (RDRI) with e-Rakt Kosh to enable real-time access to rare blood types (such as Bombay, Rh-null, P-Null)  and improve nationwide coordination among blood banks.

What is Rare Donor Registry of India (RDRI)?

What is e-Rakt Kosh?

Blood

Components_Of_Blood

Blood _Groups

What is Bombay Blood Group?

Click Here to Read:  Bombay Blood Group

  UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Q. A married couple adopted a male child. A few years later, twin boys were born to them. The blood group of the couple is AB positive and O negative. The blood group of the three sons is A positive, B positive and O positive. The blood group of the adopted son is(2011)

(a) O positive 
(b) A positive 
(c) B positive 
(d) Cannot be determined on the basis of the given data 

Ans: (a)



Croatia

24-06-2025

Source: PIB

The Prime Minister of India met with the Croatian President as part of his 3-nation tour (Cyprus, Canada & Croatia) following his attendance at the 2025 G7 Summit in Canada.

Croatia (Republic of Croatia)

Croatia

Read More: India-Croatia Relations 



Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) Technology

24-01-2026

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

The global space sector is shifting from government-led exploration to private-driven commercial activity, with Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) technology emerging as a key disruptor.  

What are the Key Facts About the Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) Technology? 

ISRO's Reusability Initiatives 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is a Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV)? 
An RLV is a launch system designed to recover and reuse rocket stages instead of discarding them, significantly reducing launch costs.

2. Why is reusability critical to the commercial space sector? 
Reusability lowers launch costs by 5–20 times, enables frequent missions, and makes space access economically sustainable.

3. What scientific constraint makes space launches expensive? 
The Tsiolkovsky rocket equation shows that rockets must carry enormous fuel mass, leaving less than 4% of total mass for payload.

4. How does staging improve rocket efficiency? 
Staging sheds dead weight during ascent, allowing the remaining rocket to accelerate more efficiently with reduced mass.

5. What are India’s key initiatives in reusable launch technology? 
ISRO is developing winged RLVs through RLV-TD (Pushpak), VTVL capability via ADMIRE, and a reusable first stage under NGLV (Project Soorya).

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites. 
  2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth. 
  3. GSLV Mk III is a four-staged launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 and 3 
(c) 1 and 2  
(d) 3 only 

Ans: (a)



Dugong

24-01-2026

Source: TH 

The Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has recommended a major design overhaul of the proposed International Dugong Conservation Centre in Manora, Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu). 

Dugong

Dugong

Seagrass 

Read More: Threat to Dugong Population in India 


Scientists Plan World’s First Graviton Detector

24-01-2026

Source: TH 

Researchers from Stevens Institute of Technology and Yale University are developing an experiment aimed at detecting gravitons, the hypothetical quantum particles believed to carry gravity, bridging the gap between quantum mechanics and general relativity. 

Graviton 

Read more: Gravitational Waves 


DoT De-licenses Half of 6 GHz Band

24-01-2026

Source: TH 

The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has officially de-licensed the lower half of the 6GHz frequency band for indoor use, paving the way for the adoption of WiFi 6E and WiFi 7 technologies in India. 

Read more: 6G Technology 


INSV Kaundinya Reached Oman

24-01-2026

Source: PIB 

INSV Kaundinya reached Muscat’s Port Sultan Qaboos after completing its maiden voyage from Porbandar (Gujarat), highlighting the shared maritime heritage of India and Oman. 

INSV Kaundinya 

INSV Kaundinya

Read More: INSV Kaundinya 


Sexual Dimorphism and Spider Silk Quality

24-01-2026

Source: TH 

A study has revealed that only large adult female Darwin’s bark spiders produce the toughest silk ever recorded in nature, showing how evolution optimises energy use, body size, and ecological need 

Read more: New Genus of Jumping Spiders 


Jamma Bane Lands of Kodagu

24-01-2026

Source: IE 

Karnataka has enacted the Karnataka Land Revenue (2nd Amendment) Act, 2025 to modernize the century-old land record system for the unique Jamma Bane lands in Kodagu (Coorg). 

Jamma Bane Lands 

Kodagu (Coorg) 

Read More: Land Revenue Systems in British India 


India–Netherlands Joint Trade and Investment Committee (JTIC)

23-12-2025

Source: PIB 

India and the Netherlands have established the India–Netherlands Joint Trade and Investment Committee (JTIC) to deepen bilateral trade, investment, and economic cooperation. 

India and the Netherlands Relations 

Netherlands

Read More: India and Netherlands Relations 


US Operation Hawkeye Strike in Syria

23-12-2025

Source: TH 

The US launched Operation Hawkeye Strike in Syria, targeting Islamic State (IS) infrastructure and weapons sites in direct response to the attack on US forces in Palmyra, signalling a strong counter-terror response. 

SYRIA

Read more: Terror Groups in the Middle East 


Superkilonova

23-12-2025

Source: TH 

The study by an international research team, including scientists from IIT Bombay and the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bengaluru, reports the possible discovery of a superkilonova, a rare and powerful cosmic explosion.

Superkilonova

Read more: String of Pearls Supernova 


Governor’s Constitutional Powers

23-12-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The Uttarakhand Governor has returned the amendment Bills on the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) and the Freedom of Religion and Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion Act, 2018 citing technical and legal flaws, renewing focus on the scope of the Governor’s powers.

Summary 

What are Constitutional Provisions Related to the Governor? 

Note: A five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court, in its advisory opinion on the 16th Presidential Reference under Article 143, held that courts cannot impose timelines on the President or Governors for granting assent to State Bills, as this would violate federalism and the separation of powers.

Governor

Governor

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. Who appoints the Governor and what is his constitutional position? 
The Governor is appointed by the President under Article 155 and acts as the constitutional head of the State under Articles 153–154.

2. What options does a Governor have when a Bill is presented for assent? 
Under Article 200, the Governor may grant assent, withhold assent, return the Bill (except Money Bills), or reserve it for the President.

3. Does the Governor enjoy pocket veto over State Bills? 
No, the Governor has absolute and suspensive veto powers but does not enjoy pocket veto.

4. What is the Governor’s role in financial matters of the State? 
The Governor lays the State Budget before the Legislature and ensures that no demand for grants is made without his recommendation.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year’s Question (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. With reference to the Indian polity, consider the following statements: (2025)

  1. The Governor of a State is not answerable to any court for the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of his/her office. 
  2. No criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against the Governor during his/her term of office. 
  3. Members of a State Legislature are not liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything said within the House. 

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a) 1 and 2 only

b) 2 and 3 only

c) 1 and 3 only

d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (d)

Q. Consider the following statements: ( 2025)

  1. The Constitution of India explicitly mentions that in certain spheres, the Governor of a State acts in his/her own discretion. 
  2. The President of India can, of his/her own, reserve a bill passed by a State Legislature for his/her consideration without it being forwarded by the Governor of the State concerned. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

a) 1 only

b) 2 only

c) Both 1 and 2

d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (a)



Blackbuck Revival in Chhattisgarh

23-10-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

After being declared locally extinct in 2017, the blackbuck has made a remarkable comeback in Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary, Chhattisgarh. Through a five-year revival plan (2021–2026), the state forest department has successfully reintroduced and bred over 190 blackbucks.  

What is the Blackbuck Revival Program? 

What are the Key Facts Related to Blackbuck? 

Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary 

Frequently Asked Questions 

1. Why did the Chhattisgarh government launch the Blackbuck Revival Program?
The initiative aims to reintroduce blackbucks in Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary, restoring a species locally extinct for five decades and improving grassland ecosystem health. 

2. How is the Blackbuck Revival Program being implemented?
Under a five-year plan (2021–2026), 77 blackbucks were translocated using a soft-release method to ensure adaptation and long-term population sustainability. 

3. What is the conservation status of the blackbuck in India?
The blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is listed as Least Concern (IUCN), but protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, ensuring maximum legal protection.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Q1. Which one of the following protected areas is well-known for the conservation of a sub-species of the Indian swamp deer (Barasingha) that thrives well on hard ground and is exclusively graminivorous? (2020)

(a) Kanha National Park 

(b) Manas National Park 

(c) Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary 

(d) Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary

Ans: (a)



Himalayan Musk Deer

23-09-2025

Source: DTE

The Central Zoo Authority (CZA) reports no captive Himalayan musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) in recognized zoos, indicating no breeding programme has begun despite the 1982 Himalayan Musk Project.

Himalayan Musk Deer

Himalayan_Musk_Deer

Read More: Eastern Swamp Deer



CAG Report on the Fiscal Health of States

23-09-2025

Source:IE

Why in News?

The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) released its first decadal analysis on the fiscal health of 28 Indian states, showing that their public debt (internal borrowings plus loans from the Centre) has tripled in 10 years, reaching Rs 59.6 lakh crore in FY 2022-23, raising concerns about fiscal sustainability.

What are the Key Findings of the CAG Report on States’ Fiscal Health?

What are the Reasons for High State Debt in India?

What are the Implications of Rising State Public Debt in India?

How can States Reduce Debt Burden while Maintaining Fiscal Health?

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. In the context of rising state debt in India, discuss the importance of strengthening public financial management.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims:

Q. Consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Review Committee Report has recommended a debt to GDP ratio of 60% for the general (combined) government by 2023, comprising 40% for the Central Government and 20% for the State Governments.
  2. The Central Government has domestic liabilities of 21% of GDP as compared to that of 49% of GDP of the State Governments.
  3. As per the Constitution of India, it is mandatory for a State to take the Central Government’s consent for raising any loan if the former owes any outstanding liabilities to the latter.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: C


Mains:

Q. Public expenditure management is a challenge to the Government of India in the context of budget-making during the post-liberalization period. Clarify it. (2019)



Kerala ‘First’ Digitally Literate State in India

23-08-2025

Source: IE 

Kerala has been declared the first fully digitally literate state in India, marking a milestone in bridging the digital divide through the Digi Keralam Project. 

Digital Literacy in India 

Read more: Right to Internet Access and Digital Literacy 


Ecuador & Peru

23-08-2025

Source: DTE 

Indigenous communities in Ecuador and Peru opposed a new oil deal, citing risks of deforestation, river pollution, biodiversity loss, and ecological damage in the Amazon rainforests. 

Amazon Rainforests 

Amazon forest

Ecuador 

Peru 

Read More: Galápagos Islands 


Bitra Island

23-07-2025

Source: HT 

The government has initiated the acquisition of Bitra Island in Lakshadweep for defence purposes.

Bitra Island:  

Bitra Island in Lakshadweep.

Read more: Lakshadweep Islands 



Death of Cheetah at Kuno National Park

23-07-2025

Source: TH 

An 8-year-old Namibian female cheetah, Nabha, died at Kuno National Park (KNP) in Madhya Pradesh due to injuries sustained during a likely hunting attempt. 

Cheetah

Read More: One Year of Project Cheetah 


Turning Lead into Gold

23-06-2025

Source: DTE

Scientists at CERN briefly transformed lead (Pb) into gold (Au) (just a nanosecond) in tiny amounts using high-energy particle collisions inside the world’s most powerful particle accelerator, Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

nuclear_transmutation

Ultra-Peripheral Collisions

Radioactive_decay_vs_nuclear_transmutation

Read More: Hadron Collider Run 3 




Unique Stellar Chemistry of Star A980

23-06-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News?

Scientists at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), Bengaluru identified a rare helium-rich star (A980) exhibiting a rare chemical composition, challenging existing models of stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis.

What are the Key Facts Related to Star A980?

Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA)

What is Stellar Nucleosynthesis?

Click Here to Read: Stellar Nucleosynthesis 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Recently, scientists observed the merger of giant ‘blackholes’ billions of light-years away from the Earth. What is the significance of this observation? (2019)

(a) ‘Higgs boson particles’ were detected.
(b) ‘Gravitational waves’ were detected.
(c) Possibility of inter-galactic space travel through ‘wormhole’ was confirmed.
(d) It enabled the scientists to understand ‘singularity’.

Ans: (b)



Spinal Muscular Atrophy

23-06-2025

Source: TH

In a first-of-its-kind medical intervention in India, a newborn with the SMN1 gene mutation for Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is receiving presymptomatic treatment using Risdiplam, a rare disease-modifying drug given to prevent motor neuron degeneration.

Spinal Muscular Atrophy

Read More: Genetic Disorders


Supreme Court Verdict on DTAA

23-01-2026

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

The Supreme Court (SC) has ruled that Tiger Global’s USD 1.6-billion stake sale in Flipkart to Walmart (2018) is taxable in India, denying the benefits of the India–Mauritius Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) and enforcing the General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR).

What are the Key Facts of the Tiger Global Case? 

Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) 

DTAA

General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR) 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What did the Supreme Court decide in the Tiger Global–Flipkart case? 
The SC held that Tiger Global’s USD 1.6-billion Flipkart stake sale (2018) is taxable in India, denying India–Mauritius DTAA benefits. 

2. What is ‘grandfathering’ under the India–Mauritius DTAA? 
It protected capital gains from investments made before April 1, 2017, taxing them only in Mauritius (0% in India), subject to anti-abuse scrutiny. 

3. How does GAAR affect tax treaties in India? 
GAAR overrides tax treaties, allowing authorities to deny DTAA benefits if an arrangement’s primary purpose is tax avoidance. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Q. Which one of the following effects of creation of black money in India has been the main cause of worry to the Government of India? (2021)

(a) Diversion of resources to the purchase of real estate and investment in luxury housing. 

(b) Investment in unproductive activities and purchase of precious stones, jewellery, gold, etc. 

(c) Large donations to political parties and growth of regionalism. 

(d) Loss of revenue to the State Exchequer due to tax evasion. 

Ans: (d) 

Q. With reference to India’s decision to levy an equalization tax of 6% on online advertisement services offered by non-resident entities, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2018)

  1. It is introduced as a part of the Income Tax Act. 
  2. Non-resident entities that offer advertisement services in India can claim a tax credit in their home country under the “Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements”. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only  

(c) Both 1 and 2  

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (d) 



Indira Gandhi Peace Prize

23-01-2026

Source: TH 

Recently, the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development for 2025 has been awarded to Mozambican rights activist, Graca Machel, for her outstanding contributions to peace, humanitarian action and social development. 

Read more: Indira Gandhi Peace Prize 


India–Spain: Counter-Terrorism Cooperation

23-01-2026

Source:TH 

President Droupadi Murmu emphasized the need for India and Spain to unite their resources and capabilities to combat global terrorism during a meeting with the Spanish Foreign Minister. 

Spain

Read more:  Perspective: Strengthening India-Spain Relations 


Shadow Fleet

23-01-2026

Source: IE 

The United States has intensified its military-led crackdown on the global 'shadow fleet' of oil tankers for transporting sanctioned crude from countries like Iran, Venezuela, and Russia. 

Read More: India's Maritime Strategy 


SC to Examine Whether ED is a ‘Juristic Person’

23-01-2026

Source: TH 

The Supreme Court (SC) of India has agreed to examine petitions filed by Tamil Nadu and Kerala seeking clarity on whether the Directorate of Enforcement (ED) is a ‘juristic person’ entitled to approach High Courts under Article 226 of the Constitution. 

Role of Article 226 of the Indian Constitution 

Read more: Writ Jurisdiction and the State 


India's LFPR Hits Record 56.1% in 2025

23-01-2026

Source: IE 

The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) – December 2025 shows a consistent recovery with workforce participation reaching yearly highs while unemployment rates remain broadly stable. 

Key Highlights 

PLFS

Read More: Periodic Labour Force Survey 2024 


Jallikattu

22-12-2025

Source: TH 

The Tamil Nadu government has issued a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Jallikattu 2026 to ensure public safety, animal welfare, and strict legal compliance. 

Jallikattu

Read more: Supreme Court Upholds Laws Allowing Jallikattu 


Risk-Based Deposit Insurance Framework for Banks

22-12-2025

Source: TH 

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has approved a risk-based deposit insurance premium framework, shifting from the long-standing flat-rate system to a soundness-linked model, which will be effective from the next financial year (FY 2026-27). 

Read more: DICGC Overcharging Commercial Banks 


Bureau of Port Security

22-12-2025

Source: PIB 

The Government of India has decided to set up a dedicated statutory body, the Bureau of Port Security (BoPS), to ensure comprehensive and risk-based security of ports and vessels across India. 

Read more: One Nation–One Port Process (ONOP) 


2nd Regional Open Digital Health Summit (RODHS) 2025

22-11-2025

Source: PIB

India hosted the 2nd Regional Open Digital Health Summit (RODHS) 2025 in New Delhi, bringing South-East Asian countries together to advance Universal Health Coverage (UHC) through Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) and open standards.

RODHS 

Read more: Pathways for AI-Enabled Healthcare Reform


Pharmacogenomics

22-11-2025

Source: TH

Pharmacogenomics is revolutionizing healthcare by moving away from the traditional one-size-fits-all approach to using an individual's genetic makeup to predict drug response, enhance efficacy, and prevent adverse reactions.

Read More: Genome Sequencing


China Challenges India’s EV Subsidies at WTO

22-10-2025

Source:BS 

China has approached the World Trade Organization (WTO) against India, alleging that the country’s electric vehicle (EV) and battery subsidies provide an “unfair competitive advantage” to domestic manufacturers. 

Read more:  India's Shift to Electric Vehicles 


Compensation Portal for FASTag Annual Pass Scheme

22-10-2025

Source: ET 

The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has introduced a compensation portal designed to enhance toll operations.  

RFID

Read more: All About the FASTag 


India’s Digital Public Platforms (DPPs)

22-10-2025

Source: BL 

The RBI Governor highlighted India’s vision to make digital innovations such as UPI and Modular Open-Source Identity Platform (MOSIP) global public goods, reaffirming the country’s commitment to international collaboration on Digital Public Platforms (DPPs). 

DPPs

Read More: Unified Payments Interface (UPI) 


Bagram Air Base

22-09-2025

Source: IE

The US President warned Afghanistan of consequences if Bagram air base isn’t returned, hinting at possible military action. The base was vacated by US forces before their 2021 withdrawal from Afghanistan.

Bagram_Air_Base

Read More: Bagram Airfield



SLINEX-25

22-08-2025

Source: PIB 

The 12th edition of the India-Sri Lanka bilateral naval exercise SLINEX-25 concluded successfully in Colombo. 

Sri_Lanka

Read more: India-Sri Lanka Relations 


Nepal Declared Rubella-Free

22-08-2025

Source: WHO 

The World Health Organization (WHO) has officially declared Nepal rubella-free, making it the first country in WHO’s South-East Asia Region to achieve this milestone. 

Rubella

India’s Progress Towards Rubella Elimination 

Read More: Measles and Rubella, National Zero Measles-Rubella Elimination Campaign   


National Conference on Good Governance Practices

22-07-2025

Source: PIB 

The National Conference on Good Governance Practices was held in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, jointly organized by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) and the Odisha government, with a focus on governance innovation and grassroots impact. 

Read more: Decoding Good Governance 



International Moon Day

22-07-2025

Source: TH 

20th July is observed annually as International Moon Day to mark the historic first human landing on the Moon by the Apollo 11 mission in 1969 

MOon 

Apollo 11 Mission 

India’s Lunar Mission 

Chandrayaan-3

Read More: Chandrayaan-5 (LUPEX) 


National Flag Day 2025

22-07-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News?  

India observed National Flag Day (Tiranga Adoption Day), on 22nd July 2025, to mark the anniversary of the Indian National Flag's official adoption by the Constituent Assembly in 1947. 

What are the Key Facts About the Indian National Flag? 

National_Flag 

Note: The National Flag in possession of the Archaeological Survey of India at Fort St George Museum in Chennai is known as the oldest surviving Indian national flag. It was hoisted at Fort St George in Chennai on 15th August 1947. 

What is the Flag Code of India, 2002? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. Who among the following is associated with ‘Songs from Prison’, a translation of ancient Indian religious lyrics in English? (2021)

(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak 

(b) Jawaharlal Nehru 

(c) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 

(d) Sarojini Naidu 

Ans: (c) 

Q. What is the number of spokes in the Dharmachakra in the National Flag of India? (2008) 

(a) 16  

(b) 18  

(c) 22  

(d) 24 

Ans: (d) 



Lokayan 26

22-01-2026

Source: PIB 

INS_Sudarshini

Read more: MAHASAGAR Initiative 


INS Sagardhwani Flags Off for Sagar Maitri V

22-01-2026

Source: PIB 

Recently, the Indian Navy flagged off INS Sagardhwani from the Southern Naval Command, Kochi, for the fifth edition of the Sagar Maitri (SM-5) mission. 

Sagar Maitri Initiative 

INS_Sagardhwani

Read more: SAGAR MAITRI - Drishti IAS 


Threat to Dugong Population in India

21-11-2025

Source: IE

Why in News? 

A recent report launched at the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Conservation Congress in Abu Dhabi highlights the growing threat to the dugong population in India.

What are Dugongs?

What are the Challenges and Conservation Measures for the Dugong Population?

Challenges

Conservation Measures

Seagrass

Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs)

1: What are dugongs and where are they found in India?

Dugongs are marine mammals found in the Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Mannar–Palk Bay, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

2: What are the major threats to the dugong population in India?

Major threats include population decline, pollution, slow reproduction, habitat loss, and climate change.

3: How do dugongs contribute to the ecosystem and economy?

Dugongs maintain seagrass meadows, which support marine life, aid carbon sequestration, and contribute Rs 2 crore annually in fish production.

4: What conservation measures are being implemented to protect dugongs in India?

Conservation measures include protecting seagrass, regulating fishing, community involvement, and increasing research.

5: What is the importance of seagrass for dugong conservation?

Seagrass provides food and habitat for dugongs, stabilizes the seafloor, and supports marine biodiversity.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. With reference to ‘dugong’, a mammal found in India, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)

  1. It is a herbivorous marine animal.
  2. It is found along the entire coast of India.
  3. It is given legal protection under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act; 1972.

Select the correct answer using the code given below. 

(A) 1 and 2 only

(B) 2 and 3 only

(C) 1 and 3 only

(D) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: C



PMFBY Expansion to Cover Wildlife Damage and Paddy Inundation

21-11-2025

Source: IE

Why in News?

The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has announced that the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) will now cover crop losses due to wild animal attacks and paddy inundation from the Kharif season 2026

What is the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is PMFBY?

PMFBY is a central sector scheme providing financial protection to farmers against crop losses due to natural disasters, pests, and diseases.

2. Who is eligible for PMFBY coverage?

All farmers, including sharecroppers and tenant farmers cultivating notified crops in designated areas, with participation being voluntary.

3. What recent changes are being introduced in PMFBY from Kharif 2026?

Inclusion of wild animal attacks as localised risk and reintroduction of paddy inundation cover to enhance protection for farmers in vulnerable areas.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Q. With reference to ‘Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana’, consider the following statements: (2016) 

  1. Under this scheme, farmers will have to pay a uniform premium of two percent for any crop they cultivate in any season of the year. 
  2. This scheme covers post-harvest losses arising out of cyclones and unseasonal rains. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 only  

(c) Both 1 and 2  

(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (b)



Tiger Returns to Gujarat After Three Decades

21-11-2025

Source: IE

A tiger has been officially spotted in Gujarat's Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS), marking the first confirmed sighting of the species in the state since it was declared extinct in 1989.

Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary

Read More: International Tiger Day 2025



India Pushes Big Cat Conservation at CoP30

21-11-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News? 

India, at the High-Level Ministerial Segment on the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) during United Nations Climate Change Conference (UNFCCC) Conference of Parties (CoP30) in Belém, Brazil called for stronger global cooperation to protect big cats. 

Why are Big Cats Important for Climate and Biodiversity?

What are the Key Facts About the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1.What is the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)?
IBCA is a multi-country, multi-agency coalition launched by India to conserve seven big cats (Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, Puma), promote best practices, provide technical support and mobilise finance for range countries.

2. Which species and how many countries are associated with IBCA?
IBCA covers seven big cat species (Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, Puma) and brings together 95 big-cat range countries along with non-range nations, scientific organisations, NGOs and private partners for coordinated conservation action.

3. How do big cats contribute to climate mitigation?
Big cats indicate healthy ecosystems; conserving their habitats preserves forests and grasslands that act as carbon sinks, protect watersheds and enhance ecosystem resilience.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. Asiatic lion is naturally found in India only. 
  2. Double-humped camel is naturally found in India only. 
  3. One-horned rhinoceros is naturally found in India only. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a) 


Q. Consider the following statements: (2024)

  1. Lions do not have a particular breeding season.  
  2. Unlike most other big cats, cheetahs do not roar.  
  3. Unlike male lions, male leopards do not proclaim their territory by scent marking.  

Which of the statements given above are correct ?

(a) 1 and 2 only                         

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only                         

(d) 1, 2 and 2  

Ans: (a)  


Q. Consider the following: (2012)  

  1. Black-necked crane  
  2. Cheetah  
  3. Flying squirrel  
  4. Snow leopard  

Which of the above are naturally found in India? 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only   

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only  

(c) 2 and 4 only   

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4  

Ans: (b)



United Nations Global Geospatial Information Management(UN-GGIM)

21-10-2025

Source: PIB 

India has been elected as the Co-Chair of the United Nations Global Geospatial Information Management for Asia and the Pacific (UN-GGIM-AP) for the 2025–2028 term. 

UN-GGIM 

Read more: United Nations World Geospatial Information Congress 


‘Darbar Move’ Returns in Jammu & Kashmir

21-10-2025

Source: IE 

After a four-year break, the Darbar Move, the 150-year-old biannual transfer of Jammu and Kashmir’s Civil Secretariat and government offices between Srinagar (summer capital) and Jammu (winter capital), is set to resume this winter.

Read More: India’s Federal Design and J&K Statehood 


Kurinji Bloom

21-10-2025

Source:TH 

The mass flowering of Kurinji after eight years in Tamil Nadu’s newly notified Gudalur Reserve Forest in the Nilgiris signals biodiversity recovery and serves as an indicator of healthy grasslands and changing climate conditions. 

Kurinji

Read more: Neelakurinji Declared as a Threatened Species 


Rare Earth Magnet

21-08-2025

Source: FE

China has decided to lift restrictions on the export of rare earth magnets to India, providing a significant boost to sectors like automobiles, renewable energy, consumer electronics, defence, aerospace, and healthcare. 

Rare Earth Magnets  

Rare_Earth_Magnet_Apllicaitons

Read more: Rare Earth Metals 



Godavari River

21-07-2025

Source: TH 

Floods in Godavari River have displaced many people in Eluru district, Andhra Pradesh, leading to large-scale evacuations and the establishment of relief camps. 

Godavari River 

Godavari_River

Read More: Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project 



Redefining Second with Optical Atomic Clocks

21-07-2025

Source: TH

Researchers have conducted the most precise comparison of optical atomic clocks to date, paving the way to redefine the SI unit of time — the second — by 2030.

Read More: Atomic Clock



51st G7 Summit

21-06-2025

Source: HT 

Why in News? 

India’s Prime Minister attended the 51st G7 Summit at Kananaskis, Canada. Though India is not a part of the G7 grouping, it has been invited for the global summit each year for the last six years and twelve times in total as an outreach country. 

What are the Key Outcomes of the G7 Summit? 

What is G7? 

 

Key_Achievements_of_G7

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Q. In which one of the following groups are all the four countries members of G20? (2020) 

(a) Argentina, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey 

(b) Australia, Canada, Malaysia and New Zealand 

(c) Brazil, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam 

(d) Indonesia, Japan, Singapore and South Korea 

Ans: (a)



11th International Yoga Day 2025

21-06-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The 11th International Yoga Day (IYD) is celebrated worldwide on 21st June with the theme ‘Yoga for One Earth, One Health’. 

What is International Yoga Day? 

What is Yoga? 

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. Which one of the following pairs does not form part of the six systems of Indian Philosophy? (2014)

(a) Mimamsa and Vedanta 

(b) Nyaya and Vaisheshika 

(c) Lokayata and Kapalika 

(d)  Sankhya and Yoga 

Ans: (c)  

Q.With reference to the history of philosophical thought in India, consider the following statements regarding Sankhya school: (2013) 

  1. Sankhya does not accept the theory of rebirth or transmigration of soul. 
  2. Sankhya holds that it is the self-knowledge that leads to liberation and not any exterior influence or agent. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2  

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (b)



Magna Carta: Blueprint for Democracy

21-06-2025

Source: IE 

The Magna Carta (1215) remains a cornerstone of constitutional governance even 810 years after its signing, with its rediscovery at Harvard University sparking renewed discussions on its lasting impact on human rights and the rule of law across the world. 

Magna Carta  

Read More: Salient Features of Indian Constitution 


Nothopegia Fossil Leaves

21-06-2025

Source: PIB 

Fossilized leaves of Nothopegia, dated to 24–23 million years ago (late Oligocene epoch), were discovered in Assam’s Makum Coalfield. 

Nothopegia 

Assam’s _Makum _Coalfield

Makum Coalfield 

Read More: World's Oldest Lifeforms 


Ban on Illegal Betting & Gambling Sites

21-01-2026

Source: TH 

Recently, the Union Government blocked 242 illegal betting and gambling websites, taking the total blocked under this category to 7,800, following the ban on real-money online gaming under the  Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Act, 2025. 

Online Gambling 

Read more: Regulating India’s Online Gaming Industry 


National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) Raising Day

21-01-2026

Source: PIB 

Recently, the Prime Minister greeted and commended the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) on its Raising Day on 19th January 2026, marking the formation of the force. 

National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) 

Read more: National Disaster Response Fund 


Sammakka–Saralamma Jatara

21-01-2026

Source: TH

Telangana will host the Sammakka–Saralamma Jatara (Medaram Jatara) from 28 January 2026 at Medaram village in Mulugu district. 

Sammakka–Saralamma Jatara 

Sammakka_Saralamma_Jatara

Read more: Medaram Jathara Festival 


US Secondary Tariffs over Iran Trade

21-01-2026

Source: IE 

The US President has announced to impose a 25% tariff on any nation trading with Iran, but expected to have minimal direct economic impact on India due to already diminished bilateral trade. 

India–Iran Economic Relations 

Read More: India Secures Six-Month US Waiver for Chabahar Port 


Bharat Taxi

20-12-2025

Source: ET 

India is set to launch Bharat Taxi, the country’s first cooperative-run taxi service operated by Sahakar Taxi Cooperative Limited, in Delhi from 2027, offering a homegrown alternative to private cab aggregators like Uber and Rapido. 

Read more: BHARAT TAXI 


Pamir-Karakoram Anomaly

20-12-2025

Source: TH 

Scientists are analysing deep ice cores from the Kon-Chukurbashi ice cap in Tajikistan to scientifically explain the Pamir–Karakoram anomaly—where glaciers have remained stable or grown despite global warming. 

Pamir-Karakoram Anomaly 

Karakoram Ranges 

Read More: Gangotri Glacier Retreat Signals Climate Peril 


India-Russia RELOS Agreement

20-12-2025

Source: IE 

India and Russia are set to operationalise the Reciprocal Exchange of Logistics Support (RELOS) agreement, a defence logistics arrangement that strengthens military cooperation by enabling reciprocal access to bases and logistical support, including in the Arctic and Indo-Pacific. 

Read more: 23rd India–Russia Annual Summit 


Birth Anniversary of Rani Lakshmibai

20-11-2025

Source: PIB

The Prime Minister of India has paid tributes to Rani Lakshmibai on her birth anniversary.

Read more: Rani Lakshmibai



Auroras, Solar Flares, CMEs & Solar Storms

20-11-2025

Source: IE

Why in News?

Recent Solar storms and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) during the heightened Solar Cycle produced colourful lights in the Northern Hemisphere, visible far from the Arctic region.

What are Solar Cycle, Solar Flares, Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) and Solar Storms?

What are Auroras?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is a Solar Cycle?

A solar cycle is an 11-year cycle of the Sun’s magnetic activity, marked by fluctuating sunspots, solar flares, and CMEs, with magnetic poles swapping every cycle.

2. What are Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)?

CMEs are massive bursts of charged particles from the Sun, often accompanying solar flares, and can trigger geomagnetic storms on Earth.

3. How do Auroras form?

Auroras form when solar wind ions collide with oxygen and nitrogen in the ionosphere, producing colourful lights near the geomagnetic poles.

4. What are the impacts of Solar Storms on Earth?

Solar storms can affect power grids, satellites, radio communications, and air traffic, while also producing spectacular auroras visible far from the poles.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (2022) 

  1. GPS and navigation systems could fail.
  2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions. 
  3. Power grids could be damaged. 
  4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth. 
  5. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet. 
  6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed. 
  7. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5 only 

(b) 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only 

(c) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 

Ans: (c)


Q. Electrically charged particles from space travelling at speeds of several hundred km/sec can severely harm living beings if they reach the surface of the Earth. What prevents them from reaching the surface of the Earth? (2012)

(a) The Earth's magnetic field diverts them towards its poles

(b) Ozone layer around the Earth reflects them back to outer space.

(c) Moisture in the upper layers of atmosphere prevents them from reaching the surface of the Earth

(d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct

Ans: (a)


Mains

Q. What are aurora australis and aurora borealis? How are these triggered? (2024)



India Adds 7 Natural Sites to UNESCO Tentative List

20-09-2025

Source: DD

Why in News? 

India has added seven natural sites to UNESCO’s Tentative List of World Heritage Sites (WHS), taking its total to 69 (49 cultural, 17 natural, and 3 mixed properties). This highlights the country’s commitment to preserving its rich natural and cultural heritage.

What is UNESCO’s Tentative List of World Heritage Sites?

World Heritage Sites

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following properties included in the World Heritage List released by UNESCO: ( 2024)

  1. Shantiniketan
  2. Rani-ki-Vav
  3. Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas 
  4. Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodhgaya 

How many of the above properties were included in 2023? 

(a) Only one 

(b) Only two 

(c) Only three 

(d) All four 

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q.1 Safeguarding the Indian Art Heritage is the need of the moment. Discuss. (2018) 

Q.2 Indian Philosophy and tradition played a significant role in conceiving and shaping the monuments and their art in India. Discuss. (2020)  



Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)

20-08-2025

Source: IE 

Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) will start commercial  Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) production from used cooking oil at its Panipat refinery after ISCC CORSIA (International Sustainability & Carbon Certification for CORSIA) certification, marking India’s first SAF plant and a key step in reducing aviation emissions. 

Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) 

ISCC CORSIA Certification 

India’s Roadmap 

Read More: India to Join International Climate Action in Civil Aviation, RUCO initiative 


Valley of Flowers National Park

20-01-2026

Source: TH 

Uttarakhand has sought the Indian Air Force’s (IAF) help to douse a forest fire raging in the Valley of Flowers National Park 

Valley of Flowers National Park 

Valley_of_Flowers_National Park

Read More: Biosphere Reserves in India 


Polar Silk Road

20-01-2026

Source: DC 

Recent US remarks on Greenland have revived debate on China’s Arctic ambitions, though expert assessments indicate China’s direct military presence in the region remains limited 

Polar Silk Road Initiative 

Polar_Silk_Road

Read More: India and the Dynamism of Arctic Region 


Employment and Social Trends 2026 Report

20-01-2026

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

The International Labour Organization (ILO) has released the Employment and Social Trends 2026 report, estimating the global unemployment rate at 4.9% in 2025. 

What are the Key Highlights of the Employment and Social Trends 2026 Report? 

What are the Findings Related to India? 

International Labour Organization (ILO) 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the global unemployment rate for 2025 according to ILO? 
The ILO Employment and Social Trends 2026 report estimates the global unemployment rate at 4.9% in 2025. 

2. According to the report, what are the major risks to future employment? 
The major emerging risks are AI adoption, which threatens high-skilled entry-level jobs for youth, and trade policy uncertainty, which threatens real wages and job creation. 

3. How does India's performance compare in the report's findings? 
India is a high-growth economy but has a relatively low share  (3%) in global manufacturing. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Q. International Labour Organization’s Conventions 138 and 182 are related to (2018)

(a) Child Labour  

(b) Adaptation of agricultural practices to global climate change  

(c) Regulation of food prices and food security  

(d) Gender parity at the workplace  

Ans: (a)

Q. Disguised unemployment generally means (2013)

(a) large number of people remain unemployed 

(b) alternative employment is not available 

(c) marginal productivity of labour is zero 

(d) productivity of workers is low 

Ans: (c) 



India–Germany Joint Declaration of Intent(JDI)

20-01-2026

Source: PIB 

Recently, India and Germany signed a Joint Declaration of Intent (JDI) on Telecommunications Cooperation during the visit of the German Chancellor to India, strengthening collaboration in digital technologies and IT sectors. 

Joint Declaration on Telecommunications 

Read more: India–Germany Relations 


AH-64E Apache Induction Strengthens India-US Defence Cooperation

19-12-2025

Source: TH 

The Indian Army has received the final batch of three AH-64E Apache Attack helicopters, completing its six-helicopter fleet under the 451 Army Aviation Squadron, based in Jodhpur, Rajasthan 

Read More: Indian Army's AH-64E Apache Helicopter Induction 


ICG Ship Sarthak at Chabahar Port

19-12-2025

Source: TH 

The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) offshore patrol vessel ICGS Sarthak made its 1st-ever port call at Iran's Chabahar Port, aiming to bolster maritime security and regional cooperation. 

Chabahar Port 

Chabahar_Port

Read More: US Sanctions on Chabahar Port 


Exercise Desert Cyclone II

19-12-2025

Source: TH 

An Indian military contingent has departed for Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE) to participate in the second edition of the India–UAE Joint Military Exercise “Desert Cyclone II.” 

India–UAE Defence Cooperation 

UAE

Read more: India-UAE Relations 


SC Calls for Stronger Tiger Conservation Measures

19-11-2025

Source:TH

The Supreme Court of India has directed Uttarakhand to fully restore the Corbett Tiger Reserve after findings of illegal tree-felling and construction, and issued reforms for tiger conservation and management across all States.

Corbett Tiger Reserve

Read more: Corbett Tiger Reserve: Uttarakhand


UNSC Approves Trump's Plan for Gaza

19-11-2025

Source: TH

The UN Security Council (UNSC) adopted Resolution 2803, endorsing the Trump Gaza Peace Plan and authorizing the establishment of an International Stabilization Force (ISF) in Gaza.

Read More: USA's Comprehensive Plan to End Gaza Conflict



India Re-Elected to Codex Executive Committee

19-11-2025

Souce:PIB

India was unanimously re-elected to the Executive Committee of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CCEXEC) at 48th session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC48) securing its seat for Asia until CAC50 in 2027, strengthening its role in setting global food safety and quality standards.

Read more: India’s Millet Standards Recognised at Codex Alimentarius Commission



Swachhata Hi Seva 2025

19-09-2025

Source: PIB

The Government of India launched the Swachhata Hi Seva (SHS) 2025 campaign, conducting cleanliness drives nationwide.

Swachh Bharat Mission(SBM)

Read more: Making Swachh Bharat Mission A Reality



India-AI Impact Summit 2026

19-09-2025

Source: PIB

The Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY) has revealed the official logo and key flagship initiatives for the India-AI Impact Summit February 2026. This event marks a historic occasion as it is the first time a Global South nation will host the summit.

India-AI Impact Summit 2026

India-AI_Impact_Summit_CHAKRAS

India's_AI_Projects

Read more: India’s AI Revolution



Golden Dome Missile Defense System

19-08-2025

Source: DD

The US has finalized the design of the Golden Dome missile defense system.

Golden Dome Missile Defense System 

Global Missile Defence Systems

System 

Range (km) 

Features 

Iron Dome (Israel) 

70 

Intercepts rockets and drones targeting populated areas; radar-based detection 

S-400 Triumph (Russia) 

400 

Multi-missile system; engages stealth aircraft, cruise missiles, and multiple targets 

Barak-8 (Israel/India) 

70–100 

Land and naval system; 360° protection against aircraft, missiles, and UAVs 

HQ-9 (China) 

125 

Inspired by S-300; intercepts UAVs, aircraft, ballistic and cruise missiles 

Air Defence System

Read More: Strategic Defence Technologies in India 



Dibru-Saikhowa National Park

19-08-2025

Source: TH 

Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (DSNP) in Assam is witnessing significant ecological changes due to native and invasive plant species.

Major Threats: 

Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (DSNP) 

Note: 

Assam national parks

Read More:Concerns Over Drilling in Dibru-Saikhowa National Park 


US Lists ‘The Resistance Front’ as Global Terrorist Organization

19-07-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

India welcomed the US decision to officially designate The Resistance Front (TRF) as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) and a Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT) group. 

Note: After the Pahalgam attack, India launched a diplomatic push urging global action against TRF.  

What is the ‘The Resistance Front’ (TRF)? 

Lashkar-e-Taiba 

Note: UAPA 1967 designates terrorist organizations or individuals, criminalizes terrorist activities, and empowers authorities for investigation and prosecution. 

Prominent India-Centric Terror Organizations in Pakistan 

Name 

About 

Status in India as per the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 

Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM) 

Along with LET, it was responsible for the 2001 attack on the Indian parliament. 

Banned 

Harakat-ul Jihad Islami (HUJI) 

Initially formed to fight the Soviet army, later redirected efforts toward India. It operates in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India, seeking annexation of Kashmir into Pakistan. 

Banned 

Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HUM) 

Operates mainly from Pak-Occupied Kashmir and some Pakistani cities. 

Banned 

Hizb-ul Mujahideen 

The militant wing of Pakistan’s largest Islamist political party, and is one of the largest and oldest militant groups operating in Jammu and Kashmir. 

Banned 

Al Qaeda 

Operates primarily from former Federally Administered Tribal Areas in  Karachi, and Afghanistan. 

Banned 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims:

Q.‘Hand-in-Hand 2007’ a joint anti-terrorism military training was held by the officers of the Indian Army and officers of Army of which one of the following countries? (2008)  

(a) China   

(b) Japan  

(c) Russia   

(d) USA  

Ans: (a) 


Mains

Q. Indian government has recently strengthed the anti-terrorism laws by amending the Unlawful Activities(Prevention) Act, (UAPA), 1967 and the NIA Act. Analyze the changes in the context of prevailing security environment while discussing scope and reasons for opposing the UAPA by human rights organizations. (2019)



PM Virasat Ka Samvardhan (VIKAS) Scheme

19-07-2025

Source: PIB  

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Minority Affairs (MoMA) launched a skill training and women entrepreneurship development project under the Pradhan Mantri Virasat Ka Samvardhan (PM VIKAS) scheme. 

What is PM-VIKAS Scheme? 

Schemes Related to Upliftment of Minority Communities  

Schemes Related to Skill Development, Entrepreneurship and Training 



Gujarat's Banni Grasslands Ready for Cheetah Reintroduction

19-07-2025

Source: TH 

Banni Grasslands in Gujarat, a designated site under Project Cheetah, is now ready for cheetah reintroduction with a 600-hectare enclosure, rising herbivore populations, and necessary infrastructure. 

Banni Grasslands 

Cheetah 

Cheetah

Grassland_of the _World

Read More: One Year of Project Cheetah 


Biostimulants

19-07-2025

Source: ET 

In the recently held ‘Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan’, the Union Agriculture Minister emphasized the issue of unregulated sale of biostimulants and announced that only those biostimulants that meet all necessary criteria and are scientifically proven to be beneficial to farmers will be approved 

Biostimulants 

Classification of Biostimulants  

Biostimulants  

Description 

Examples 

Humic and Fulvic Acids 

Soil organic matter from plant, animal, and microbial residues. 

Peat, leonardite, soft coal 

Seaweed Extracts 

Derived through different extraction processes. 

Soluble powders or liquid extracts  

Liquid Manure Composting 

Manure mixed with proprietary materials to promote microbial growth. 

Liquid biofertilizer from composted manure 

Beneficial Bacteria and Fungi 

Bacteria and fungi that aid in root growth. 

Bacillus, Rhizobium fungi 

Initiatives Related to Organic Farming 



India’s First Digital Nomad Village

19-07-2025

Source: TH 

Yakten, a village in Sikkim’s Pakyong district, has been officially declared India’s first digital nomad village under the ‘Nomad Sikkim’ initiative. 

Read More: India's First Organic Fisheries Cluster in Sikkim 


India’s Advancements in Ballistic and Air Defence Systems

19-07-2025

Source: TH 

India has successfully test-fired its indigenously developed ballistic missiles Prithvi-II and Agni-I from the Integrated Test Range in Chandipur, Odisha. 

Prithvi-II 

Agni-I 

Akash Prime 

Ballistic Missiles 

Read more: Strategic Defence Technologies in India 


Hydraulics System and its Applications

19-06-2025

Source: TH 

From towering cranes to aircraft landing gears, hydraulic systems power some of the most critical mechanical operations to convert small inputs into massive force outputs. 

Working_of_Hydraulics_System

Read More: India's Deep Drill Mission 


Lamarckian Inheritance and Epigenetics Evolution

19-06-2025

Source: TH 

The recent discovery of heritable cold tolerance in rice plants through epigenetic changes marks a historic validation of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s theory that environmental influences can affect heredity — a concept once dismissed but now supported by modern science. 

Theories_of_Evolution

Read More: eDNA Challenging Genetics Principles 


Operation Sindhu Evacuation from Iran

19-06-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

India announced launching ‘Operation Sindhu’ to evacuate Indian nationals from Iran through Armenia as fears of an all-out Israeli-American military strikes on Iran increased. 

 

What Makes Armenia Strategically Important for Operation Sindhu? 

What are Other Key Indian Evacuation Operations? 

Operation 

Year 

Location 

Context 

Operation Kaveri 

2023 

Sudan 

Evacuation during violent military clashes 

Operation Ajay 

2023 

Israel 

Evacuation during the Israel–Hamas conflict 

Operation Ganga 

2022 

Ukraine 

Evacuation during the Russia-Ukraine war 

Operation Devi Shakti 

2021 

Afghanistan 

Evacuation after Taliban takeover 

Operation Samudra Setu 

2020 

Various (via sea) 

Evacuation during Covid-19 pandemic (Vande Bharat Mission) 

Operation Raahat 

2015 

Yemen 

Evacuation during civil conflict 

Operation Safe Homecoming 

2011 

Libya 

Evacuation during civil war in Arab Spring 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Q. Mediterranean Sea is a border of which of the following countries? (2017)

  1. Jordan  
  2. Iraq  
  3. Lebanon  
  4. Syria  

Select the correct answer using the code given below 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 3 and 4 only  

(d) 1, 3 and 4 only  

Ans: (c)  

Q. The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (2018)

(a) China  

(b) Israel  

(c) Iraq  

(d) Yemen  

Ans: (b)



Jumping Spider

19-06-2025

Source: TH 

Spartaeus karigiri, a newly discovered jumping spider species from Karnataka, marks the first recorded presence of the Spartaeus and Sonoita genera (part of the Spartaeinae subfamily of Salticidae family) in India, previously known only from Southeast Asia and Africa 

Jumping Spiders (Spartaeus karigiri) 

Spider_Families

Read More: New Genus of Jumping Spiders 


Climate Records Unearthed From Kondagai Lake

19-01-2026

Source: PIB 

Recently, researchers reconstructed one of India’s most detailed inland climate records using sediment cores from Kondagai Lake, Sivaganga, a region highly sensitive to the Northeast Monsoon. 

Kondagai_Lake

Read more: Carbon Dating 


India’s First State-Funded BSL- 4 Lab

19-01-2026

Source:IE 

Union Home Minister laid the foundation stone of India’s first state-funded Bio-Safety Level-4 (BSL-4) laboratory in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, marking a major milestone in strengthening the country’s health security, biotechnology research, and preparedness against deadly pathogens. 

Read more:Building a Resilient R&D Ecosystem in India 


Export Preparedness Index (EPI) 2024

19-01-2026

Source: PIB 

NITI Aayog has released the Export Preparedness Index (EPI) 2024, assessing the export readiness of States and Union Territories, highlighting their critical role in achieving India’s USD 1 trillion merchandise export target by 2030 and the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047. 

Read more: Reimagining India's Export Pathway 


1.03 Crore New Workers Added to ESIC

19-01-2026

Source: TH

Recently, the Union Labour Ministry announced that reforms in Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) and Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO), particularly the Scheme to Promote Registration of Employers/Employees (SPREE), have extended social security coverage to over one crore workers. 

Read more: ESIC Funds 


India Joins Global Research on Dolphin–Fisher Mutualism

18-11-2025

Source: TH 

The University of Kerala, in collaboration with international researchers, has launched a multi-year research project (2024–2028) to study the rare cooperative fishing behaviour (mutualism) between Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins and artisanal fishers in Ashtamudi Lake, Kerala. 

Ashtamudi Lake 

Mutualism_Examples

SPECIES_INTERACTION

Read More: Addressing Pollution in Ashtamudi Lake 


Senkaku Islands

18-11-2025

Source: TH 

China Coast Guard ships conducted a “rights enforcement patrol” near the Japan-administered Senkaku Islands. The move comes after the Japanese Prime Minister stated that any Chinese attack on Taiwan could prompt a military response from Tokyo. 

Senkaku_Island

Read more: Senkaku Island Dispute 


Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises Scheme

18-10-2025

Source: ET

Why in News? 

The Union Finance Minister of India announced the release of ₹3,791.1 crore to States and Union Territories under the Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PM-FME) Scheme. 

What is the PM-FME Scheme? 

What are the Other Key Government Initiatives Related to the Food Processing Sector? 

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is the PM-FME Scheme?
A scheme launched in 2020 to formalize micro food enterprises, promote local products, enhance rural income, and integrate entrepreneurs into the formal economy.

2. What support does PM-FME provide?
Provides capital subsidies, grants, seed funding, training, branding, marketing, common infrastructure, and R&D support to individual units, FPOs, cooperatives, and SHGs.

3. What is the ODOP approach?
Each district focuses on one key product, promoting cluster-based processing, storage, branding, market linkages, and aligning with India’s Agriculture Export Policy.

4. What challenges does the sector face?
Infrastructure gaps, limited finance access, and weak quality standards hinder growth, export potential, and competitiveness of India’s food processing industry. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims 

Q. With what purpose is the Government of India promoting the concept of “Mega Food Parks”? (2011)

  1. To provide good infrastructure facilities for the food processing industry. 
  2. To increase the processing of perishable items and reduce wastage. 
  3. To provide emerging and eco-friendly food processing technologies to entrepreneurs. 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 1 and 2 only 

(c) 2 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b) 



GPS Spoofing

18-10-2025

Source: ET

An Air India flight operating from Vienna to Delhi was forced to divert after a suspected GPS signal spoofing over the Middle East disrupted its navigation. The spoofing of signals caused severe degradation of the aircraft’s flight control systems, including failures in autopilot, autothrust, flight director, and autoland functions. 

GPS_Spoofing

Read more: Global Cybersecurity Outlook 2025 


Northeast Monsoon

18-10-2025

Source: TH

The timely onset of the northeast monsoon in October 2025 has brought much-needed relief to Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, regions that rely heavily on it for both agriculture and water security. 

Read more: Monsoon 


Major Announcements on India’s 79th Independence Day

18-08-2025

Source: HT  

On India’s 79th Independence Day, Prime Minister announced key initiatives to drive the nation toward developed status by 2047. 

Major Announcements 

Read more: Red Fort: Venue for the India’s Independence Day Celebration 



Key Sports Related Bills Passed in Parliament

18-08-2025

Source: TH

Parliament has passed 2 key legislations, the National Sports Governance Bill, 2025 and the National Anti-Doping (Amendment) Bill, 2025 aimed at reforming sports governance and strengthening anti-doping measures in India.

National Sports Governance Bill, 2025 

Note: 

National Anti-Doping (Amendment) Bill, 2025 

Read More:  National Sports Policy 2025, World Anti-Doping Report 2022. 


Birth Anniversary of Adikabi Sarala Das

18-07-2025

Source: PIB 

The President of India participated in the birth anniversary celebrations of Adikabi Sarala Das (15th July 2025). 

Adikabi Sarala Das

Odia Language 

Read  More: 5 New Classical Languages and Change in Criteria 



Right to Peace Over Noise

18-07-2025

Source: TH 

The Madras High Court has ruled that religious gatherings, which include loud public prayers, cannot be held in residential premises without prior permission from the District Collector. 

Read more: Regulating Right to Freedom of Religion 


Black Hole Merger

18-07-2025

Source: TH  

Why in News?  

An international team of scientists has detected the most massive black hole merger ever observed. The event, named GW231123, was observed by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) collaboration, which forms the Gravitational Wave Network. 

What is a Black Hole Merger? 

Gravitational Wave Network 

Note: India in collaboration with the US is building the third detector of LIGO, which will be known as LIGO-India. 

Black_Hole

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Recently, scientists observed the merger of giant ‘blackholes’ billions of light-years away from the Earth. What is the significance of this observation? (2019)

(a) ‘Higgs boson particles’ were detected. 
(b) ‘Gravitational waves’ were detected. 
(c) Possibility of intergalactic space travel through ‘wormhole’ was confirmed. 
(d) It enabled the scientists to understand ‘singularity’ 

Ans: (b) 

Q. What is the purpose of ‘evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA)’ project? (2017)

(a) To detect neutrinos 
(b) To detect gravitational waves 
(c) To detect the effectiveness of missile defence system 
(d) To study the effect of solar flares on our communication systems 

Ans: (b)



Noise Effect on Quantum Entanglement

18-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Scientists from Raman Research Institute (RRI), IISc Bangalore, IISER Kolkata have found that quantum noise can sometimes enhance, revive, or even create entanglement, challenging earlier beliefs that it only disrupts quantum systems. 

Quantum Entanglement 

Intraparticle_and_Interparticle_entanglement

Quantum Noise 

Noise Effects on Entanglement 

National_quantum_mission

Read More: Quantum Entanglement, Ultra-Secure Communication Using Quantum Technology   


Tea Board of India

18-06-2025

Source: BL 

The Tea Board of India has amended the pan-India auction rules under the Bharat Auction model, based on key recommendations of the Ramaseshan Committee, aiming to enhance price discovery and protect seller interests in the tea sector. 

Key Agricultural Boards in India:  

Board 

Constituted Under 

Headquarters 

Tea Board 

Tea Act, 1953 

Kolkata 

Coffee Board 

Coffee Act, 1942 

Bangalore 

Rubber Board 

Rubber Act, 1947 

Kottayam, Kerala 

Spices Board 

Spices Board Act, 1986 

Kochi, Kerala 

Tobacco Board 

Tobacco Board Act, 1975 

Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 

National Turmeric Board 

Not a statutory body 

Nizamabad, Telangana 

Makhana Board 

- 

Bihar (Proposed) 

Read More: Need of Reforms in Tea Industry 




PM-WANI Scheme

18-06-2025

Source: BL

Why in News?  

The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has prescribed a cap on tariffs charged to Public Data Offices (PDOs) under the PM-WANI scheme, in order to keep public Wi-Fi affordable, while also providing reasonable compensation for the broadband connection to service providers. 

What is the PM-WANI Scheme? 

 

What are the Government Initiatives for Enhancing Broadband Connectivity? 

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. Consider the following: (2022)

  1. Aarogya Setu  
  2. CoWIN  
  3. DigiLocker  
  4. DIKSHA  

Which of the above are built on top of open-source digital platforms?  

(a) 1 and 2 only  
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only  
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only  
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4  

Ans: (d)



8th Edition of Exercise Shakti

18-06-2025

Source: TH 

The 8th edition of Exercise Shakti, a joint military exercise between India and France, is scheduled from 18th June to 1st July 2025 at La Cavalerie, France. 

Read More: 7th Edition of Exercise Shakti 


ADB Development Financing to Support India

17-12-2025

Source: PIB 

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has signed 5 loan agreements with India to finance development projects focusing on skillingrenewable energy, healthcare, urban transport, and sustainable livelihoods. 

Asian Development Bank (ADB) 

Read More: Asia Development Outlook Report 2024 


Hepatitis A

17-11-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

Experts argue that Hepatitis A, now emerging as a major cause of acute liver failure, should be prioritised for inclusion in the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) to strengthen national protection against the disease.

What is Hepatitis A?

What is Hepatitis?

Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the mode of transmission of Hepatitis A?

Hepatitis A is transmitted through the faecal–oral route, primarily via contaminated food, water, or unclean hands.

2. What is the main goal of the National Viral Hepatitis Control Program (2018)?

The programme aims to eliminate Hepatitis C by 2030 and reduce morbidity and mortality from Hepatitis A, B, C, and E.

3. Which diseases are covered nationally and sub-nationally under the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP)?

Nationally: Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Polio, Measles, Rubella, TB, Hepatitis B, Hib diseases.

Sub-nationally: Rotavirus, Pneumococcal Pneumonia, Japanese Encephalitis

UPSC Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Q. Which one of the following statements is not correct? (2019)

(a) Hepatitis B virus is transmitted much like HIV.

(b) Hepatitis B, unlike Hepatitis C, does not have a vaccine.

(c) Globally, the number of people infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses arc several times more than those infected with HIV.

(d) Some of those infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses do not show the symptoms for many years.

Ans: (b)


Q. 'Mission Indradhanush' launched by the Government of India pertains to: (2016)

(a) Immunization of children and pregnant women

(b) Construction of smart cities across the country

(c) India's own search for Earth-like planets in outer space

(d) New Educational Policy

Ans: (a)



Wholesale Price Index Slips Into Deflation

17-11-2025

Source: FE

Why in News?

India’s Wholesale Price Index (Base Year: 2011–12) fell to a 27-month low in October 2025, slipping into deflation at –1.21%, compared to –0.13% in September. The drop was driven by lower prices of food items and crude petroleum, softer fuel and manufactured goods prices, and the impact of 2025 Goods and Services Tax (GST) reforms.

What are the Key Facts About Wholesale Price Index?

                 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What does Wholesale Price Index(WPI) measure?

WPI tracks the average change in wholesale-level prices for a fixed basket of goods, covering primary articles, fuel and power, and manufactured products.

2. Who releases the WPI?

It is compiled and released monthly by the Office of the Economic Adviser, DPIIT, under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

3. Why is crude oil treated differently in WPI?

Only domestic production is counted because crude isn’t traded in the domestic wholesale market and its imports far exceed local output.

4. What makes WPI different from Consumer Price Index (CPI)?

WPI measures wholesale price changes, while CPI reflects retail prices and cost of living; CPI is released by MoSPI.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2020)

  1. The weightage of food in Consumer Price Index (CPI) is higher than that in Wholesale Price Index (WPI).
  2. The WPI does not capture changes in the prices of services, which CPI does.
  3. Reserve Bank of India has now adopted WPI as its key measure of inflation and to decide on changing the key policy rates.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (a)



Ambaji Marble Earns GI Tag

17-11-2025

Source: TH

Ambaji marble from Gujarat has been granted the Geographical Indication (GI) tag, recognising its unique white stone and strengthening its cultural, industrial and global identity.

Marble

Read more: Rocks
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Mahe: Indigenous Anti-submarine Warfare Vessel

17-11-2025

Source:PIB

India is set to commission Mahe at the Naval Dockyard, Mumbai, marking a significant step forward in indigenous naval shipbuilding and maritime defence preparedness.

Read more: Anti-Submarine Warfare Launch


Madagascar

17-10-2025

Source: IE

Madagascar's armed forces have taken control of the government, ousting the incumbent President following a youth (Gen Z) led rebellion over economic crises and governance failures. It has experienced frequent military-backed power shifts since 1960, with the last major unrest in 2009. 

Madagascar

Read More: Humanitarian Assistance to Drought-Hit Madagascar 




Green Crackers

17-10-2025

Source:TH 

The Supreme Court of India has relaxed the year-long blanket ban on fireworks in Delhi-NCR, allowing the sale and use of green crackers approved by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) and Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO) during Deepavali 2025 

Read more: Green Crackers 


Tomahawk Missiles

17-10-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

The U.S. President has indicated that Washington may consider supplying long-range Tomahawk cruise missiles to Ukraine if Russia does not undertake credible measures to de-escalate the ongoing conflict. 

What are Tomahawk Missiles? 

What is the Difference Between a Cruise Missile and a Ballistic Missile?

Parameter 

Cruise Missile 

Ballistic Missile 

 

Trajectory 

Follows a comparatively straight and controlled trajectory. 

Travels in a projectile path; trajectory depends on gravity, air resistance, and Coriolis Force. 

 

Flight Path 

Remains within the Earth’s atmosphere throughout its flight. 

Leaves the Earth’s atmosphere and re-enters it. 

 

Range 

Short-range missile 

Long-range missile 

 

Indian Examples 

BrahMos, Nirbhay, LRLACM 

Prithvi I & II, Agni series, Dhanush. Shaurya, K-15 (Sagarika), K-4 (Submarine-launched). 

 

Global Examples 

Tomahawk (USA), Kalibr (Russia), CJ-10 (China), Babur (Pakistan). 

Minuteman III (USA), DF-41 (China), RS-24 Yars (Russia), Shaheen-II (Pakistan). 

Frequently Asked Questions  

1. What are Tomahawk missiles and who uses them? 
Long-range, subsonic cruise missiles used by US, UK, Australia; launched from ships/submarines for precision strikes on high-value targets. 

2. What are the key features of cruise missiles? 
Fly within the atmosphere, guided, subsonic or supersonic, powered throughout, highly accurate, range up to ~2,000 km, carry conventional or nuclear warheads. 

3. What are the key features of ballistic missiles?  
Follow a parabolic trajectory, exit and re-enter the atmosphere, long-range (300–12,000 km), less accurately, carry conventional or nuclear warheads. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Q. Consider the following statements : (2023)

  1. Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while cruise missiles are rocketpowered only in the initial phase of flights. 
  2. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation: (d)

Q. What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news? (2018)

(a) An Israeli radar system  

(b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme  

(c) An American anti-missile system  

(d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea.

Ans: (c) 



Indigenous Military Combat Parachute System

17-10-2025

Source: PIB 

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully tested the indigenously developed Military Combat Parachute System (MCPS) from a record altitude of 32,000 feet, marking a major milestone in indigenous defence innovation and self-reliance. 

Read more:  Empowering India's Defence Sector 


Aluminium-ion Battery

17-09-2025

Source-PIB

The Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS), Bengaluru,  have developed a flexible aqueous aluminum-ion battery as a safe and sustainable alternative to lithium-ion batteries commonly used in phones, laptops, electric vehicles, etc.

Aluminium-ion Battery

Lithium-ion Battery 

Read More: Battery technology



Freedom Fighter Hemam Neelmani Singh

17-07-2025

Source: IE 

Union Home Minister recently paid tribute to Hemam Neelmani Singh, a prominent freedom fighter from Manipur associated with the Indian National Army (INA), during a posthumous felicitation event organized by the Bharat Vikas Parishad. 

Hemam Neelmani Singh 

Bharat Vikas Parishad 

Freedom Fighters from North-East India 

Freedom_Fighters_from_North-East

Read More: North-East India 



4 Members Nominated to Rajya Sabha

17-07-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

The President of India has nominated 4 persons (Harsh Vardhan Shringla, Ujjwal Nikam, Meenakshi Jain, and C. Sadanandan Master) to the Rajya Sabha under the category of 12 seats reserved for distinguished experts in literature, science, art, and social service. 

Key Facts About 4 Nominated Personalities to Rajya Sabha 

What is the Procedure of Elections for Members to the Rajya Sabha? 

Cross-Voting & Legal Safeguards 

Special Powers to Rajya Sabha 

More Related Articles 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. Rajya Sabha has equal powers with Lok Sabha in: (2020)

A. the matter of creating new All India Services
B. amending the Constitution
C. the removal of the government 
D. making cut motion 

Ans: (B) 

Q. Which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)

  1. A Bill pending in the Lok Sabha lapses on its prorogation. 
  2. A Bill pending in the Rajya Sabha, which has not been passed by the Lok Sabha shall not lapse on dissolution of the Lok Sabha. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2 
D. Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (B) 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2015)

  1. The Rajya Sabha has no power either to reject or to amend a Money Bill. 
  2. The Rajya Sabha cannot vote on the Demands for Grants. 
  3. The Rajya Sabha cannot discuss the Annual Financial Statement. 

Which of the statements given above is/ are correct? 

A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only 
D. 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (B)



50 Years of Crocodile Conservation Project and World Crocodile Day

17-06-2025

Source: TH 

On World Crocodile Day (17th June), India commemorates 50 years of its Crocodile Conservation Project (CCP) (1975–2025), with Odisha emerging as the epicentre of this pioneering ecological effort. 

Crocodile

Read more: World Crocodile Day 




India’s PM Historic Visit to Cyprus

17-06-2025

Source: TH 

India’s Prime Minister’s visit to Cyprus — the first by an Indian Prime Minister in 23 years — marks a significant step in bolstering bilateral relations, with a focus on energy security, counterterrorism cooperation, and India-EU strategic alignment. 

Read More: Cyprus as a Tax Haven 


Shipki La Pass

17-06-2025

Source: TH 

Shipki La Pass (3,930m) in Himachal’s Kinnaur district, along the India-China border has been opened to domestic tourists to boost borderland economies, enhance strategic connectivity, and promote cultural tourism. 

Shipki La Pass 

Mountain Passes 

Mountain_Passes

Read More: China and Bhutan Meet to Delimit Boundary 


MHA’s New SOP on Cyber Financial Frauds

17-01-2026

Source: IE

Why in News?

In a major step to strengthen India’s cybercrime response, the Ministry of Home Affairs has approved a new Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for handling cyber financial frauds under the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) 

What is the New SOP on Cyber Financial Frauds? 

National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) 

Note: In another development, the Union government has set up a high-level inter-departmental committee under the Ministry of Home Affairs to tackle the growing menace of “digital arrest” scamswhich have already led to losses of around Rs 3,000 crore based on reported complaints alone and have disproportionately affected the elderly and vulnerable. 

Read more:  SC Directions on 'Digital-Arrest' Scams 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the new SOP on cyber financial frauds? 
It is a uniform, pan-India procedure approved by the MHA to handle cyber financial fraud cases through NCRP and CFCFRMS.

2. What major relief does the SOP provide to victims? 
For frauds below Rs 50,000, refunds can be processed without a court order, and banks must lift fund freezes within 90 days if no order exists.

3. Which institutions are covered under the SOP? 
Banks, NBFCs, payment aggregators, e-commerce platforms, stock-trading apps, and mutual fund houses.

4. Why is NCRP important in India’s cybercrime framework? 
NCRP enables nationwide reporting of all cybercrimes, integrates CFCFRMS, and connects 85+ banks and intermediaries via the 1930 helpline for swift action.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q1. In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020)  

  1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer  
  2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so  
  3. Cost of hiring a specialised consultant to minimise the loss in case of cyber extortion  
  4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only  
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only  
(c) 2 and 3 only  
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4  

Ans: (b)

Q.2 In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? (2017)  

  1. Service providers  
  2. Data centres  
  3. Body corporate  

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only  
(b) 1 and 2 only  
(c) 3 only  
(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. What are the different elements of cyber security ? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (2022)



China’s Entry In Spice Market

17-01-2026

Source: ET 

China has begun cultivating and exporting chillies and cumin, two of India’s most critical spice exports, at lower and more competitive prices, posing a potential challenge to India’s long-standing dominance as the world’s largest spice supplier. 

Read more: Journey of Spices in India 


Guidelines for Virtual Digital Assets

17-01-2026

Source: TOI 

Why in News? 

The Financial Intelligence Unit–India (FIU-IND) has introduced stringent new Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Know Your Customer (KYC) guidelines for Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs) service providers to curb financial crimes in India’s cryptocurrency ecosystem.

What are the New FIU-IND Guidelines for Virtual Digital Assets? 

What are Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs)? 

Financial Intelligence Unit – India (FIU-IND) 

Cryptocurrency

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Q. With reference to “Blockchain Technology”, consider the following statements: (2020)

  1. It is a public ledger that everyone can inspect, but which no single user controls.  
  2. The structure and design of blockchain is such that all the data in it are about cryptocurrency only.  
  3. Applications that depend on basic features of blockchain can be developed without anybody’s permission.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 only  

(b) 1 and 2 only  

(c) 2 only  

(d) 1 and 3 only  

Ans: (d)

Q. Consider the following pairs: (2018)

Terms sometimes seen in news              Context/Topic

  1. Belle II experiment — Artificial Intelligence 
  2. Blockchain technology —Digital/ Cryptocurrency 
  3. CRISPR – Cas9 —Particle Physics 

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?  

(a) 1 and 3 only  

(b) 2 only  

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (b)



Rani Ahilyabai Holkar

17-01-2026

Source: IE 

An inquiry has been ordered into allegations that a structure containing a statue of Devi Ahilyabai Holkar was demolished during renovation work at Manikarnika Ghat in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh.  

Rani Ahilyabai Holkar 

Rani_Ahilyabai_Holkar

Read more: 300th Birth Anniversary of Ahilyabai Holkar 


World’s First Repository of Mountain Ice Cores

17-01-2026

Source: TOI 

Recently, scientists inaugurated the world’s first global repository of mountain ice cores at Concordia Research Station on the Antarctic Plateau to preserve vital climate records threatened by rapid glacier loss due to global warming. 

Read more: India's Tryst with Antarctica 


National Energy Conservation Awards 2025

16-12-2025

Source: PIB 

On National Energy Conservation Day 2025 (14th December), the President presented the National Energy Conservation Awards 2025 in New Delhi. 

National Energy Conservation Awards 

Objective_National _Energy _Conservation _Awards

Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) 

Read More: Bureau of Energy Efficiency 


Illicit Cannabis Cultivation in Kandhamal

16-12-2025

Source: TH 

The verdant hills of Kandhamal district in Odisha have emerged as a major hotspot of illicit cannabis cultivation, drawing national attention due to record seizures in 2025. 

Read more: Himachal Pradesh Contemplates Legalizing Cannabis Cultivation 


India Nears 100% Rail Electrification

16-12-2025

Source: PIB 

Indian Railways is close to completing the electrification of almost its entire broad-gauge network, with more than 99% already electrified, underlining India's rapid push toward sustainable, low-emission transport systems. 

Rail Electrification

Read More: Electrification of Railways 


Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE) 2026

16-12-2025

Source: PIB 

The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has released the Draft Establishment Schedule (ESU) for the Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE) 2026 for public consultation.  

Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE)  

Unincorporated Non-Agricultural Sector  

Read More: Strengthening India's Statistical System 


“Fare Se Fursat” Fixed Airfare Scheme

16-10-2025

Source: PIB 

The Minister of Civil Aviation, launched a new initiative titled "Fare Se Fursat", a fixed airfare scheme by India’s government-owned regional carrier, Alliance Air. 

India’s Aviation Sector 

Read More: Regional Connectivity Scheme-Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik (UDAN) 




Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)

16-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

Delhi’s Air Quality Index (AQI) reaching the ‘Poor’ category prompted the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) to invoke Stage-I of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) across the National Capital Region (NCR) to prevent further deterioration in air quality. 

What is a Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)? 

GRAP

Air Quality Index 

Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) 

Air_Pollutants

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)? 
GRAP is a graded framework notified in 2017 to tackle rising air pollution in Delhi-NCR through stage-wise actions based on AQI levels.

2. Who implements GRAP in Delhi-NCR? 
The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) implements GRAP in coordination with the MoEFCC and state governments. 

3. What are the four stages of GRAP? 
Stage I – Poor, Stage II – Very Poor, Stage III – Severe, and Stage IV – Severe+, with progressively stricter pollution control measures.

4. What is the National Air Quality Index (AQI)? 
The AQI, launched under the Swachh Bharat Mission, uses the concept of “One Number – One Colour – One Description” to simplify air quality data for the public.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of the Air Quality Index? (2016)

  1. Carbon dioxide 
  2. Carbon monoxide 
  3. Nitrogen dioxide 
  4. Sulfur dioxide 
  5. Methane 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1, 4 and 5 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Ans: (b)



Annual Licensing Policy for Opium Cultivation for 2025-26

16-09-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News?

The Union Government has announced the annual licensing policy for opium poppy cultivation in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh for 2025-26, increasing eligible farmers to 1.21 lakh.

Annual Licensing Policy for Opium Cultivation for 2025-26

What is Opium Poppy?



Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

16-09-2025

Source:TH

The conflict in eastern DRC saw two major developments-a U.S.-brokered peace agreement between Rwanda and the DRC, and a ceasefire between the DRC and M23 (March 23 Movement) rebels, mediated by Qatar. 

DRC

DRC

Read more: Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)



Cess and its Role in Union Finance

16-08-2025

Source: TH  

Why in News? 

The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has flagged a Rs 3.69 lakh crore shortfall in transferring cess collections to their intended funds, bringing into focus the purpose and proper utilisation of such levies.

What is the Purpose of Levying a Cess? 

Surcharge 

The 13th and 14th Finance Commissions upheld the exclusion of surcharge from the divisible tax pool, but recommended reducing the Centre’s dependence on surcharge revenues. 

How do Tax and Cess Differ in Purpose and Usage? 

Aspect 

Tax 

Cess 

Definition 

Government levy on income, property, etc. 

Additional levy on an existing tax or duty for a specific purpose 

Revenue Use 

Goes to Consolidated Fund, used generally 

Credited to Consolidated Fund but used only for designated purpose 

State Sharing 

Shared with states 

Generally, not shared with states  

Examples 

Income Tax, GST, Corporate Tax 

Swachh Bharat Cess, Education Cess, Krishi Kalyan Cess 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. The sales tax you pay while purchasing a toothpaste is a (2014)

A. tax imposed by the Central Government 

B. tax imposed by the Central Government but collected by the State Government 

C. tax imposed by the State Government but collected by the Central Government 

D. tax imposed and collected by the State Government 

Ans: (D) 



State Health Regulatory Excellence Index

16-08-2025

Source: PIB 

The Union Health Ministry has launched the State Health Regulatory Excellence Index (SHRESTH). 

Read more: Reforming India's Pharmaceutical Sector 


Income Tax Bill, 2025

16-08-2025

Source: IE

Both houses of the Parliament passed the Income Tax Bill, 2025, which seeks to simplify, rationalise, and shorten the existing Income Tax 1961 Act. 

Income Tax 

Read more:  Challenges and Reforms in India’s Taxation System 


Kaziranga Records High Diversity of Grassland Birds

16-07-2025

Source: TH 

Kaziranga National Park, Assam best known for its one-horned rhinos, has now emerged as a biodiversity hotspot for grassland birds. 

National_Park_Assam

Read more: Golden Tiger in Kaziranga National Park 



India Achieves 50% Non-Fossil Fuel Power Capacity

16-07-2025

Source: PIB  

India’s non-fossil fuel power capacity has reached 242.78 GW out of 484.82 GW total installed capacity, 5 years ahead of its 2030 target under the Paris Agreement's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

Non-Fossil Fuels: 

Total_Installed _Eectricity_capacity

Key Initiatives Driving the Growth of India’s Renewable Energy Capacity: 

Read More: India’s Renewable Energy Revolution 


Deepfakes

16-07-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News?

Denmark has proposed a landmark copyright amendment to ban the sharing of deepfakes without consent, protecting individuals’ voices, faces, and likenesses.  

What are Deepfakes? 

How has India Dealt with Deepfakes? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)

  1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units 
  2. Create meaningful short stories and songs 
  3. Disease diagnosis 
  4. Text-to-Speech Conversion 
  5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only 
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only  
(c) 2, 4 and 5 only  
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 

Ans: (b)



ACC Approves Appointment of New NMC Chairman

16-07-2025

Source: IE  

Dr. Abhijat Sheth has been appointed as the new chairperson of the National Medical Commission (NMC) by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC).

Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC): 

National Medical Commission (NMC): 

Read More: National Medical Commission, Appointment to Cabinet Committees   


Boko Haram

16-06-2025

Source: TOI 

Nigeria is witnessing a renewed insurgency led by Boko Haram, threatening its national security.  

Boko Haram: 

Nigeria: 

Africa

Read More: Boko Haram, Nigeria as 9th BRICS Partner Country 




GFW 2024 Report on Indian Forests

16-06-2025

Source: BS 

The  Global Forest Watch (GFW), an open-source forest monitoring platform developed by the US-based research organisation World Resources Institute (WRI), has recently released data highlighting India’s deforestation and forest degradation trends from 2001 to 2024. 

Key Findings of the WRI Report on India’s Forests: 

Read More: Reviving India’s Forests, 18th India State of Forest Report 2023   


Sighting of Eurasian Otter in Kashmir

16-06-2025

Source: IE 

Eurasian Otter or Common Otter (locally known as Vuder in Kashmir) has been sighted in Kashmir after 25-30 years. It has been historically found in Dachigam, Dal Lake tributaries, Rambiara stream, and Lidder river (in Pahalgam). 

Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) 

Read More: Eurasian Otter Radio-Tagged in Satpura Tiger Reserve 


UN Flags Unaddressed Violence in Sri Lanka’s Civil War

16-01-2026

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN Human Rights) has released a report titled “We lost everything – even hope for justice”, highlighting conflict-related sexual violence, primarily by security forces, against Tamil civilians during Sri Lanka’s decades-long civil war. 

What are the Key Highlights of the UN Human Rights Report on Violence in Sri Lanka? 

What are the Key Facts About the Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)? 

Srilanka

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What was the Sri Lankan Civil War? 
It was a nearly three-decade armed conflict (1983–2009) between the Sri Lankan government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) over Tamil demands for a separate homeland.

2. What were the main causes of the Sri Lankan Civil War? 
Ethnic discrimination, language policies like the Sinhala Only Act (1956), unequal access to education and jobs, and state-sponsored settlement in Tamil areas triggered Tamil alienation and militancy. 

3. Who were the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)? 
The LTTE was a Tamil separatist militant organisation, formed in 1976 under Velupillai Prabhakaran, aiming to establish an independent Tamil Eelam in northern and eastern Sri Lanka. 

4. What event marked the beginning of the civil war in 1983? 
The war escalated after the Black July riots (1983), which followed an LTTE attack killing 13 soldiers and led to large-scale anti-Tamil violence. 

5. What role did India play in the Sri Lankan Civil War? 
India intervened through the Indo–Sri Lanka Accord (1987) and deployed the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) under Operation Pawan to disarm the LTTE and restore peace. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2020)

  1. The value of Indo-Sri Lanka trade has consistently increased in the last decade. 
  2. “Textile and textile articles” constitute an important item of trade between India and Bangladesh. 
  3. In the last five years, Nepal has been the largest trading partner of India in South Asia. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b) 

Q. Elephant Pass, sometimes seen in the news, is mentioned in the context of the affairs of which one of the following? (2009)

(a) Bangladesh 

(b) India 

(c) Nepal 

(d) Sri Lanka

Ans: (d) 


Mains 

Q. In respect of India-Sri Lanka relations, discuss how domestic factors influence foreign policy.(2013)



India–Israel Joint Ministerial Declaration on Fisheries and Aquaculture

16-01-2026

Source:PIB 

At the 2nd Global Summit on “Blue Food Security: Sea the Future 2026”, India and Israel signed a Joint Ministerial Declaration of Intent to deepen cooperation in fisheries and aquaculture. 

Read more: India's Blue Economy Potential 


MS Sahoo Committee for NPS Reforms

16-01-2026

Source: Mint 

Why in News? 

The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) has established a high-level committee to design a regulatory framework for assured payouts under the National Pension System (NPS), aiming to address post-retirement income certainty. 

What are the Key Facts Regarding the Newly Constituted Committee on NPS? 

National Pension System (NPS)

What is NPS Vatsalya? 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the purpose of the MS Sahoo committee? 
The committee is tasked with formulating guidelines for legally enforceable, market-based guaranteed payouts under NPS to enhance income certainty after retirement. 

2. How does NPS differ from the Old Pension Scheme (OPS)? 
Unlike OPS, NPS is market-linked, contributory, and does not offer an assured pension, with contributions from both the employee (10%) and government (14%). 

3. Who is eligible for NPS Vatsalya? 
All Indian citizens, including NRI/OCI, below 18 years, with the minor as the sole beneficiary, operated by a parent or legal guardian. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q. Who among the following can join the National Pension System (NPS)? (2017)

(a) Resident Indian citizens only 

(b) Persons of age from 21 to 55 only 

(c) All State Government employees joining the services after the date of notification by the respective State Governments 

(d) All Central Government employees including those of Armed Forces joining the services on or after 1st April, 2004 

Ans (c)

Q. Regarding ‘Atal Pension Yojana’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)

  1. It is a minimum guaranteed pension scheme mainly targeted at unorganised sector workers. 
  2. Only one member of a family can join the scheme. 
  3. Same amount of pension is guaranteed for the spouse for life after the subscriber's death. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c) 



Japan’s Deep-Sea Rare Earth Mining Initiative

16-01-2026

Source: TH 

Japan has embarked on the world’s first experimental attempt to extract rare earth elements from the deep-sea at a depth of about 6,000 metres, using its deep-sea scientific drilling vessel Chikyu.  

Deep_Sea_Mining

Read more: Deep Sea Mining 


78th Army Day

16-01-2026

Source: PIB 

The Indian Army marked its 78th Army Day on 15th January 2026 with a historic parade in Jaipur, Rajasthan, emphasising the force’s shift towards modern, agile, and technology-driven warfare. 

Read More: Evolving Warfare and Need for India's Defence Transformation 


151st Foundation Day of IMD and Automatic Weather Stations

16-01-2026

Source: PIB 

India has announced a major upgrade in urban weather forecasting with the deployment of 200 Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) across Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Pune, reinforcing disaster preparedness and hyper-local forecasting during the 151st Foundation Day (15th January 1875–2026) of the India Meteorological Department (IMD). 

Read more: 150th Foundation Day of IMD and Mission Mausam 


SC Declares Involuntary Narco Test as Unconstitutional

15-12-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 


The Supreme Court (SC) of India has ruled that any forced or involuntary narco test is unconstitutional, setting aside a 2025 Patna High Court order that allowed such a test in Amlesh Kumar v. State of Bihar (2025).

Summary

What is a Narco Test?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is a narco test?
A narco test is an investigative technique where sedative drugs like barbiturates (e.g., Sodium Pentothal) are administered to lower inhibitions and extract information.

2. Why are forced narco tests unconstitutional?
They violate Article 20(3) by compelling self-incrimination and breach Article 21 by infringing personal liberty and the right to privacy.

3. What did the Supreme Court hold in Selvi v. State of Karnataka (2010)?
The Court ruled that narco tests without free and informed consent are unconstitutional and their results are inadmissible as evidence.

4. Is voluntary narco testing legally allowed?
Yes, a person may voluntarily opt for a narco test at the defence stage under Section 253 of BNSS, but there is no absolute right to demand it.



UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. ‘Right to Privacy’ is protected under which Article of the Constitution of India? (2021)

 (a) Article 15

 (b) Article 19

 (c) Article 21

 (d) Article 29

Ans:C



Anti-dumping Duty

15-11-2025

Source: BS 

India has imposed a five-year anti-dumping duty on hot-rolled steel imports from Vietnam after investigations confirmed that unfairly low-priced imports were harming the domestic steel industry. 

Read more:  Anti-Dumping Duty 


Jharkhand’s Saranda Forest

15-11-2025

Source: TH 

The Supreme Court of India directed the Jharkhand government to declare 31,468.25 hectares of the Saranda forest area as a wildlife sanctuary. The court reaffirmed that mining is prohibited inside national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, as well as within a one-kilometre buffer from their boundaries. 

Saranda Forest 

Read more: Conserving Protected Areas in India 


Nobel Prize in Economics 2025

15-10-2025

Source: ET 

Why in News?  

The 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was jointly awarded to Joel Mokyr (Netherlands), Philippe Aghion(Paris), and Peter Howitt(Canada) for explaining innovation-driven economic growth and how societies must counter stagnation to sustain development.

Nobel Prize in Economics 2025

What are the Key Highlights of the Nobel Prize in Economics 2025? 

Did you Know? 

Click here to Read: Nobel Peace Prize 2025 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1.Who were the recipients of the 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences ? 
Joel Mokyr; Philippe Aghion & Peter Howitt. 

2. What are the core contributions of the 2025 Nobel-winning research in economics?
Innovation-driven economic growth, explains the Scientific-Technical Synergy behind Sustained Growth and the theory of creative destruction.  

3. How does the research provide policy insights for economic growth?
Highlights need for competition, industrial policy, and continuous innovation.



Software Technology Parks of India

15-07-2025

Source: TH 

The Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) is expanding beyond traditional metro hubs to promote inclusive IT growth, focusing on Tier 2 and 3 cities. 

Read more: National Policy on Software Products 2019 



Astra Missile

15-07-2025

Source: HT 

The DRDO and  Indian Air Force (IAF) has successfully test-fired the indigenous Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM) 'Astra' with an indigenously developed Radio Frequency (RF) Seeker from a Su-30 Mk-I fighter aircraft off the coast of Odisha. 

BVRAAM Astra: 

Indigenous Mounted Gun System (MGS): 

Su-30MKI: 

Astra _Missile

Read More: Astra Mk-1 Missile 


Catastrophe Bonds for Natural Disasters

15-07-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

India’s limited disaster insurance coverage increases financial vulnerability during natural disasters. In light of rising climate-induced disasters, Catastrophe Bonds (Cat Bonds) present a strategic option for enhancing disaster risk financing and resilience.

Bonds

What are Catastrophe Bonds? 

Catastrophe _Bonds 

http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1752571108_Catastrophe _Bonds.webp

What is the Significance of Catastrophe Bonds for India? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q.1 In the context of the Indian economy, non-financial debt includes which of the following? (2020) 

  1. Housing loans owed by households 
  2. Amounts outstanding on credit cards 
  3. Treasury bills 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only 
(b) 1 and 2 only 
(c) 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (d) 

Q.2 Consider the following statements: (2018) 

  1. The Reserve Bank of India manages and services Government of India Securities but not any State Government Securities. 
  2. Treasury bills are issued by the Government of India and there are no treasury bills issued by the State Governments. 
  3. Treasury bills offer are issued at a discount from the par value. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 
(b) 3 only 
(c) 2 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c) 

Q.3 In the context of Indian economy, ‘Open Market Operations’ refers to (2013) 

(a) borrowing by scheduled banks from the RBI 
(b) lending by commercial banks to industry and trade 
(c) purchase and sale of government securities by the RBI 
(d) None of the above 

Ans: (c)



Governor’s Rule in Chakma Autonomous District Council

15-01-2026

Source: TH 

The Governor of Mizoram has extended Governor’s Rule in the Chakma Autonomous District Council (CADC) for another six months, citing continued political instability despite the State Cabinet opposing the extension. 

Read more:  Autonomous District Councils 


First Indian Appointed to Chair the ABDM

15-01-2026

Source: ET 

Senior Indian diplomat DB Venkatesh Varma has been nominated by the UN Secretary General to chair the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters (ABDM) for the 2026–27 term. 

Read more: Nuclear Disarmament: India's Balancing Act 


Source Code of Smartphones

15-01-2026

Source:TH 

The Union government and the MAIT (Manufacturers’ Association for Information Technology) (apex body representing India's electronics & ICT hardware sector) have refuted reports claiming that smartphone manufacturers would be required to disclose their source code, clarifying that no such demand is under consideration. 

Read more: India's Quest for Technological Sovereignty 


Makar Sankranti 2026

15-01-2026

Source: IE 

Makar Sankranti is a pan-India harvest festival, observed on 14th January, marked by regionally diverse customs and celebrations. 

Makar_Sankranti_Diversity

Read More: Harvest Festivals 


Ammonium Nitrate

14-11-2025

Source: ET 

Why in News?  

A blast near Delhi’s Red Fort has put  Ammonium Nitrate” in the spotlight, as investigators suspect the chemical may have been used in the explosion by a “white-collar” terror module linked to Jaish-e-Mohammed. 

What is Ammonium Nitrate? 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is ammonium nitrate? 
Ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) is a nitrogen-rich oxidiser used as fertilizer and in controlled blasting; mixed with fuel oil it forms ANFO, a commonly weaponised IED component, making it a high-risk dual-use chemical.

2. Which laws and agencies regulate ammonium nitrate in India? 
Activities involving ammonium nitrate are regulated under the Ammonium Nitrate Rules, 2012, the Explosives Act, 1884, and manufacture also requires industrial licence under the Industrial Development & Regulation Act, 1951.

3. When is an ammonium nitrate mixture legally treated as an explosive? 
Any mixture (emulsion, gel, melt, suspension) containing over 45% ammonium nitrate is legally classified as an explosive under the Explosives Act, 1884, and attracts stricter controls. 



NGT Flags Severe Chromium Contamination in Drinking Water

14-11-2025

Source: TH 

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has raised serious concerns over the lack of adequate safe drinking water in chromium-contaminated regions of Uttar Pradesh, directing the State government to ensure immediate and sufficient water supply. 

National_Green_Tribunal

Read more: India's Groundwater Contamination Crisis 


Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FRA) Act, 2001

14-11-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

India marked the Silver Jubilee of the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FRA) Act, 2001 and the 21st Foundation Day of PPV&FRA with the Plant Genome Saviour Awards Ceremony in New Delhi.  

What is the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FRA) Act, 2001? 

Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority (PPV&FRA) 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the PPV&FRA Act, 2001? 
The PPV&FRA Act, 2001 is a sui generis law that provides intellectual property protection to plant breeders while formally recognising farmers’ rights to save, use, exchange and sell farm-saved seed and register farmer-developed varieties.

2. Who implements the PPV&FRA and what is its function? 
The Protection of Plant Varieties & Farmers’ Rights Authority (PPV&FRA), headquartered in New Delhi, implements the Act, maintains the National Register of Plant Varieties and adjudicates rights, benefit-sharing and registrations.

3. What rights does a breeder get under the Act? 
Registered breeders obtain exclusive rights to produce, sell, market, distribute, import or export the protected variety and can license or take legal action against infringement.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. According to the Indian Patents Act, a biological process to create a seed can be patented in India. 
  2. In India, there is no Intellectual Property Appellate Board. 
  3. Plant varieties are not eligible to be patented in India. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 and 3 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (c) 



Discovery of Largest and Most Distant Black Hole Flare

14-11-2025

Source: IE 

Astronomers have detected the largest and most distant flare from a black hole, originating from the supermassive black hole at the heart of the Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) J2245+3743, located 10 billion light-years away from Earth. 

Black Hole

Read More: Black Hole 


Information Technology(IT) Act, 2000

14-10-2025

Source: PIB

The Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) organised a national workshop to streamline the issuance of notices under Sections 69A and 79(3)(b) of the Information Technology Act, 2000, ensuring legal clarity and constitutional balance in regulating content on digital platforms.  

IT Act, 2000 

Read More: Strengthening India’s Cyber Defense 




National Household Income Survey (NHIS) 2026

14-10-2025

Source: PIB 

The Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MoSPI) plans to launch the National Household Income Survey (NHIS) in February 2026. 

Read more: Strengthening India's Statistical Syste




Negotiations for India-Oman CEPA Concluded

14-08-2025

Source: ET

India concluded negotiations for the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with Oman, aimed at boosting trade and investment. 

India-Oman Bilateral Relations: 

India-Oman

Major_ Trade_ Agreement

Read More: India-UK Free Trade Agreement, Reviewing Free Trade Agreements   


India’s First Earth Observation Satellite Constellation

14-08-2025

Source:TH

India is set to launch its first fully indigenous commercial earth observation (EO) satellite constellation, led by a private consortium under a public-private partnership model. 

Read more: Promoting Public-Private Synergy in India's Space Sector 


Dhirio Bull Fighting of Goa

14-08-2025

Source: IE 

There has been a demand in Goa to legalize Dhirio or Dhiri bull fighting for cultural and tourism reasons. Despite its ban the practice continues in some villages of Goa.

Read More: Jallikattu 


Reversal on ELV Fuel Ban

14-07-2025

Source: TH 

The Delhi government has rolled back its fuel ban on end-of-life vehicles (ELVs)-Petrol cars over 15 years and diesel vehicles over 10 years as directed by the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM). 

Legal Mandate for Fuel Ban on ELVs: 

State of Air pollution in India: 

Read More: India's Air Pollution Crisis 



50 years of National Emergency

14-06-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

50 years ago, on 12th June 1975, the Allahabad High Court invalidated Indira Gandhi's 1971 election in Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Shri Raj Narain Case, 1975 leading to the declaration of a national emergency (NE) on 25th June 1975 that continued till March 1977. 

What are Key Facts About the Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Shri Raj Narain Case, 1975? 

What are Key Facts About National Emergency? 

What are the Implications of Imposition of National Emergency on Constitutional Framework? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. Which of the following is/are the exclusive power(s) of Lok Sabha?(2022)

  1. To ratify the declaration of Emergency 
  2. To pass a motion of no-confidence against the Council of Ministers 
  3. To impeach the President of India 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 

(d) 3 only 

Ans: (b) 

Q. If the President of India exercises his power as provided under Article 356 of the Constitution in respect of a particular State, then(2018)

(a) the Assembly of the State is automatically dissolved. 

(b) the powers of the Legislature of that State shall be exercisable by or under the authority of the Parliament. 

(c) Article 19 is suspended in that State. 

(d) the President can make laws relating to that State. 

Ans: (b)



Deep Seafloor Exploration

14-06-2025

Source: TH 

A study has revealed that about 99.999% of the Earth’s deep seafloor, which covers two-thirds of the Earth area below 200 meters depth, remains visually unexplored. 

Deep Ocean: 

Marine Snow  

Oceanic_Zones

Read More: Deep Ocean Mission 


IREDA Bags ‘Excellent’ Ratings

14-06-2025

Source: PIB 

The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd. (IREDA) was awarded an 'Excellent' rating for its exceptional performance in the Power and NBFC sectors by the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE). 

IREDA: 

DPE Ratings: 

India's Renewable Energy Initiatives: 

Renewable Energy

Read More: Tapping Renewable Energy Potential in India 


Snail Infestation in Cardamom

14-06-2025

Source: TH 

The cardamom-growing regions of Idukki, Kerala, are facing threat from small snail infestations following heavy summer rains. Snails feed on new panicles, flowers, and young capsules, causing crop damage, reduced yield, and quality loss. 

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) 

Spices Market in India: India produced 11.14 million tonnes of spices in 2022–23, cultivating 75 of the 109 ISO-listed spices 

Read More: Strengthening India's Spice Industry 


Stingless Bees

14-06-2025

Source: DTE 

Researchers in Nagaland found native stingless bees Tetragonula iridipennis and Lepidotrigona arcifera to be safe, effective pollinators that boost crop yields and produce medicinal honey, ideal for Northeast India and safer than traditional honeybees. 

Bees_Species_Of_India

Read More: Threats to Wild Bees, KVIC’s Honey Mission   


India–Italy Business Forum 2025

13-12-2025

Source:PIB

The India–Italy Business Forum 2025 in Mumbai reinforced bilateral trade and innovation within the Strategic Partnership, while advancing resilient supply chains and high-technology collaboration.

India - Italy Economic Relations

Read more: India-Italy Migration and Mobility Agreement


Genocide Convention, 1948

13-12-2025

Source: TH

The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention), adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on 9th December 1948, remains a cornerstone of international law, criminalising acts of genocide for the first time globally.

Read More: Genocide Convention


Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB)

13-11-2025

Source: ET 

The Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) chairman has expressed dissent over several key recommendations of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) expert committee headed by DK Sarraf on boosting domestic gas usage.

PNGRB_Proposed_Reforms

PNGRB 

Read More: Strengthening Regulatory Bodies 


Nyoma Airbase

13-11-2025

Source:ET 

India has inaugurated its newest and highest fighter-capable airbase at Nyoma in Ladakh, built by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO), marking a major boost to the country’s air power along the northern front. 

Nyoma_Airbase

Read more: Bagram Air Base 


DRAVYA Portal

13-10-2025

Source:PIB 

The Ministry of Ayush launched the DRAVYA portal (Digitised Retrieval Application for Versatile Yardstick of Ayush) in Goa, marking the creation of the most comprehensive digital repository of Ayurvedic ingredients and formulations.   

DRAVYA Portal  

Ayush_System_of Medicine

Read More: AYUSH Systems of Medicine 




Nobel Peace Prize 2025

13-10-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

The Norwegian Nobel Committee has awarded the Nobel Peace Prize 2025 to Maria Corina Machado in recognition of her tireless efforts to promote democratic rights in Venezuela and her unwavering struggle for a just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy. 

Maria_Corina_Machado

What are the Key Highlights of the Nobel Peace Prize 2025? 

Did you Know? 

Click here to Read: Nobel Prize in Literature 2025 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. Who is the Nobel Peace Prize 2025 laureate? 
Maria Corina Machado for promoting democracy and peaceful transition in Venezuela. 

2. Which Indians have won the Nobel Peace Prize? 
Mother Teresa (1979) and Kailash Satyarthi (2014). 

3. What are the main categories of the Nobel Peace Prize? 
The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded to individuals or organizations promoting peace, resolving conflicts, advancing democracy and human rights, or contributing to global stability and humanitarian work.



AUSTRAHIND 2025

13-10-2025

Source:PIB 

An Indian Army contingent has departed for Australia to participate in the fourth edition of the India-Australia joint military exercise ‘AUSTRAHIND 2025’, highlighting growing defence cooperation between the two nations. 

Australia

Read more: India-Australia Relations 


Exemptions for Mineral Exploration in Forests

13-09-2025

Source: IE

Why in News ?

The Forest Advisory Committee (FAC) has approved enhanced exemptions for mineral exploration drilling in forest areas, following requests from the Ministries of Coal and Mines.

Why Have Exemptions Been Provided for Mineral Exploration Drilling in Forest Regions?

What Concerns are Associated with Increased Mineral Exploration Drilling in Forest Regions?

Critical minerals 

India’s Initiatives for Critical Minerals:

What Should be the Sustainable Roadmap for Mineral Exploration in Forests?

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

With reference to the management of minor minerals in India, consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. Sand is a ‘minor mineral’ according to the prevailing law in the country 
  2. State Governments have the power to grant mining leases of minor minerals, but the powers regarding the formation of rules related to the grant of minor minerals lie with the Central Government. 
  3. State Governments have the power to frame rules to prevent illegal mining of minor minerals. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a) 


Q. What is/are the purpose/purposes of ‘District Mineral Foundations’ in India? (2016)

  1. Promoting mineral exploration activities in mineral-rich districts 
  2. Protecting the interests of the persons affected by mining operations 
  3. Authorizing State Governments to issue licenses for mineral exploration 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. Despite India being one of the countries of Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes much less to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in percentage. Discuss. (2021)

Q. “In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for development”. Discuss. (2017)



Rethinking India’s Strategy Against Aedes Mosquitoes

13-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

India faces rising dengue, chikungunya, and Zika cases transmitted by the Aedes mosquitoes, yet authorities still depend on less effective fumigation. 

Why are Current Measures Against Aedes Mosquitoes Failing?

What Measures can Strengthen the Fight Against Aedes Mosquitoes?

Burden of Aedes Mosquitoes

Mosquito_brone_diseases

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Despite limited effectiveness, India continues to rely on fumigation for Aedes control? Discuss and suggest sustainable alternatives.



UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Wolbachia method is sometimes talked about with reference to which one of the following? (2023)

a) Controlling the viral diseases spread by mosquitoes

b) Converting crop residues into packing material

c) Producing biodegradable plastics

d) Producing biochar from thermochemical conversion of biomass

Ans: (a)


Q. Which one of the following is used in preparing a natural mosquito repellent? (2021)

a) Congress grass

b) Elephant grass

c) Lemongrass

d) Nut grass

Ans: c



India Explores Rare-Earth Deal with Myanmar

13-09-2025

Source:IE

India is collaborating with the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) in Myanmar to secure rare-earth mineral samples, aiming to diversify its supply chain away from China.  

What are Rare Earth Minerals?

Light_and_Heavy REE

What is the Status of India on Rare Earth Elements?

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

Q. With reference to the management of minor minerals in India, consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. Sand is a ‘minor mineral’ according to the prevailing law in the country 
  2. State Governments have the power to grant mining leases of minor minerals, but the powers regarding the formation of rules related to the grant of minor minerals lie with the Central Government. 
  3. State Governments have the power to frame rules to prevent illegal mining of minor minerals. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a)



Bills to Modernise India’s Maritime Laws

13-08-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

The Parliament passed Merchant Shipping Bill, 2025, Carriage of Goods by Sea Bill, 2025 & Coastal Shipping Bill, 2025 with the aim to  modernise India’s maritime legal framework by replacing outdated colonial-era laws. 

What are the Key Provisions of the Recently Passed Maritime Bills? 

What is the State of India’s Maritime Sector?  

Key Targets Under MV2030

Government Initiatives in India’s Maritime Sector 

Read More: Challenges in India’s Maritime Sector  

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year’s Question (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following in respect of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS): (2017)

  1. Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy.  
  2. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime co-operation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region.  

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only   

(c) Both 1 and 2   

(d) Neither 1 nor 2   

Ans: (b)

Q. With reference to ‘Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC)’, consider the following statements: (2015)

  1. It was established very recently in response to incidents of piracy and accidents of oil spills.  
  2. It is an alliance meant for maritime security only.  

Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?   

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only   

(c) Both 1 and 2   

(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (d)


Mains:

Q. Defining blue revolution, explain the problems and strategies for pisciculture development in India. (2018)




Armenia - Azerbaijan Peace Agreement

13-08-2025

Source: IE 

A peace agreement brokered by the US has been signed between Armenia and Azerbaijan, marking a significant step toward resolving the longstanding conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh. 

Armenia and Azerbaijan

Read more: Resolving Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict 


OMC Compensation & PMUY Subsidy Extension

13-08-2025

Source: IE

The Union Cabinet approved budgetary support to public sector Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs)  to cover their losses from selling LPG cylinders below international prices in FY 2024-25.  

Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) 

Read More: LPG Subsidy Initiatives in India 


MP Local Area Development Scheme

13-08-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

The Minister of State for MoSPI laid out detailed provisions of the Revised Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) Guidelines 2023 in the Parliament, for its effective utilization. 

What is the MPLADS Scheme? 

MPLAD Scheme 

What is the Monitoring Mechanism Under MPLAD Scheme? 

Agency/Body 

Functions 

Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI)  

Monitors fund flow, conducts annual reviews, publishes progress reports, and ensures CAG-approved audits. 

Central Nodal Agency 

Reviews project implementation and manages audit processes. 

State/UT Governments 

Constitute monitoring committees, inspect at least 1% of works annually, and commission third-party audits for high-value projects. 

  • State/UT Governments are required to fully delegate technical, financial, and administrative sanction powers to the Implementing District Authority for expeditious execution of MP-recommended projects. 

District Authorities 

Inspect a minimum of 10% of works each year and maintain photographic documentation. 

Implementing Agencies 

Conduct site inspections and ensure 100% verification of completed works. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With reference to the funds under the Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS), which of the following statements are correct? (2020)

  1. MPLADS funds must be used to create durable assets like physical infrastructure for health, education, etc.  
  2. A specified portion of each MP’s fund must benefit SC/ST populations.  
  3. MPLADS funds are sanctioned on a yearly basis and the unused funds cannot be carried forward to the next year.  
  4. The district authority must inspect at least 10% of all works under implementation every year.  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 3 and 4 only  

(c) 1, 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 4 only 

Ans: (d)



Pax Silica & India’s Inclusion

13-01-2026

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

The United States’ newly appointed Ambassador to India, Sergio Gor, stated that India will be invited to join “Pax Silica,” a US-led coalition aimed at securing and strengthening the critical minerals supply chain. 

What is Pax Silica? 

Pax Silica and India 

What are India's Initiatives to Support Silicon and AI Supply Chain? 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is Pax Silica? 
Pax Silica is a US-led coalition of nine countries aimed at securing a resilient, innovation-driven semiconductor and AI supply chain. 

2. Which countries are part of Pax Silica? 
Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Netherlands, UK, Israel, UAE, Australia, and the US. 

3. What are India’s key initiatives in semiconductors and AI? 
India Semiconductor Mission (ISM), IndiaAI Mission, and National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) aim to build indigenous supply chains, AI infrastructure, and critical mineral security. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Q. Recently, there has been a concern over the short supply of a group of elements called ‘rare earth metals’. Why? (2012)

  1. China, which is the largest producer of these elements, has imposed some restrictions on their export.  
  2. Other than China, Australia, Canada and Chile, these elements are not found in any country.  
  3. Rare earth metals are essential for the manufacture of various kinds of electronic items and there is a growing demand for these elements.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (c)



World Hindi Day

13-01-2026

Source: PIB 

The Third Technical Hindi Symposium “Abhyuday-3” was organised with the collaboration of CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy ResearchIndian Institute of Technology Indore, and Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur to promote Technical Hindi and inclusive science outreach. 

Article 

Provision 

Article 343 

Declares Hindi in Devanagari script as the official language of the Union; allows continued use of English for official purposes. 

Article 344 

Provides for a Language Commission and Parliamentary Committee to review and recommend the progressive use of Hindi. 

Article 351 

Directs the Union to promote the spread and development of Hindi, enriching it from Sanskrit and other Indian languages. 

Article 120 

Permits the use of Hindi or English in Parliament; other languages allowed with permission of the Chair. 

Article 210 

Allows Hindi, or English, or the official State language to be used in State Legislature proceedings. 

Read more:  World Hindi Day 


Rising FTA Trade Deficit

13-01-2026

Source: IE 

NITI Aayog Trade Watch Quarterly report notes that India’s trade deficit with free trade agreement (FTA) partner countries has widened sharply, even as the country recorded strong export growth in electronics and other sunrise sectors. 

Key Findings from the NITI Aayog Report 

India’s Foreign Trade Pattern

Read More: India's Strategic Turn to Free Trade Agreements 


UMEED Portal

12-12-2025

Source: PIB 

The Ministry of Minority Affairs launched the Unified Waqf Management, Empowerment, Efficiency and Development (UMEED) Portal on 6th June 2025 to upload authenticated data of existing Waqf properties.  

Read More: UMEED Portal 


Nathula Pass

12-12-2025

Source: PTI 

A MP from Sikkim has urged the Centre to immediately resume border trade through the Nathula Pass, highlighting severe livelihood impacts due to its suspension since 2020. 

Passes__India

Read more: Nathu La, Sikkim 


Deepavali Inscribed on UNESCO ICH List

12-12-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News?  

At the 20th session of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) held at New Delhi’s Red Fort, Deepavali, the festival of lights was officially added to UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) of Humanity. 

Summary

What is the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List?

India’s UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list includes 

20th session of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for Safeguarding of the ICH 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) Representative List? 
The ICH Representative List, created under the 2003 UNESCO Convention, identifies living traditions—rituals, performing arts, crafts—whose safeguarding promotes cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and community-led preservation. 

Q. How are elements nominated for the ICH Representative List? 
States submit a nomination file (one nomination every two years) demonstrating community consent, safeguarding plans, and cultural significance; nominations are evaluated by the Intergovernmental Committee. 

Q. Why is Deepavali’s inscription significant for development policy? 
Deepavali’s inclusion recognises its role in sustaining seasonal livelihoods, supporting artisans and cultural tourism, and contributing to SDGs such as No Poverty (SDG 1), Good Health (SDG 3), Gender Equality (SDG 5) and Sustainable Cities (SDG 11).

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. Recently, which one of the following was included in the UNESCO’s World Heritage list? (2009)

(a) Dilwara Temple 

(b) Kalka-Shimla Railway 

(c) Bhiterkanika Mangrove Area 

(d) Visakhapatnam to Araku valley railway line 

Ans: B 

Q2.With reference to Manipuri Sankirtana, consider the following statements: (2017) 

  1. It is a song and dance performance 
  2. Cymbals are the only musical instruments used in the performance 
  3. It is performed to narrate the life and deeds of Lord Krishna 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 

(b) 1 and 3 only 

(c) 2 and 3 only 

(d) 1 only 

Ans: B 



India’s First Indigenous Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vessel

12-12-2025

Source: PIB 

The Union Minister for Ports, Shipping and Waterways flagged off India’s first indigenous hydrogen fuel-cell vessel in Varanasi, marking a significant milestone in the nation’s drive toward clean and sustainable inland water transport. 

Read More: India's first Indigenous Hydrogen Fuel Cell Ferry 


Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues (Amendment) Rules, 2025

12-11-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has notified the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues (Amendment) Rules, 2025 under the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act (THOTA), 1994 to simplify corneal transplantation protocols and promote equitable access to organ and tissue transplantation services across India.

What are the Key Highlights of the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues (Amendment) Rules, 2025? 

Significance 

Cornea

What is Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994? 

National Organ Transplant Programme (NOTP) 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act (THOTA), 1994? 
THOTA, 1994 is the central law regulating removal, storage and transplantation of human organs and tissues for therapeutic purposes and prohibiting commercial dealings in organs. 

2. What are the key highlights of the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues (Amendment) Rules, 2025? 
The 2025 Rules remove the mandatory clinical specular microscope requirement for corneal centres, easing infrastructure hurdles and improving access to corneal transplantation especially in smaller and rural centres. 

3. What is the National Organ Transplant Programme (NOTP)? 
NOTP is the Government of India’s programme to promote organ and tissue donation nationwide via NOTTO (national), ROTTOs (regional) and SOTTOs (state), tissue banks, training, funding and awareness campaigns. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2020)

  1. Genetic changes can be introduced in the cells that produce eggs or sperms of a prospective parent. 
  2. A person’s genome can be edited before birth at the early embryonic stage. 
  3. Human induced pluripotent stem cells can be injected into the embryo of a pig. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 

(b)  2 and 3 only 

(c) 2 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (d)  

Q. With reference to the scientific progress of ancient India, which of the statements given below are correct? (2012) 

  1. Different kinds of specialised surgical instruments were in common use by the 1st century AD. 
  2. Transplant of internal organs in the human body had begun by the beginning of the 3rd century AD. 
  3. The concept of sine of an angle was known in 5th century AD. 
  4. The concept of cyclic quadrilaterals was known in 7th century AD. 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1, 3 and 4 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (c) 



Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) System

12-11-2025

Source:PIB 

The Minister of Power and Housing & Urban Affairs inaugurated India’s largest and first megawatt-hour (MWh)-scale Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) system with a 3 MWh capacity. 

Read more:  Aluminium-ion Battery 


MITRA SHAKTI-2025

12-11-2025

Source: PIB 

The 11th edition of Exercise MITRA SHAKTI-2025, a joint military drill between India and Sri Lanka, was held at Belagavi, Karnataka, to strengthen defence cooperation and enhance interoperability in counter-terrorism and peacekeeping operations. 

India-Sri Lanka Defence and Security Cooperation 

Read more: India-Sri Lanka Relations 


Gati Shakti Transport Planning and Research Organisation (GTPRO)

12-11-2025

Source: ET 

Why in News? 

The Central Government is planning to restructure the PM Gati Shakti governance framework by dissolving the existing Network Planning Group (NPG) and establishing a new high-level body, the Gati Shakti Transport Planning and Research Organisation (GTPRO). 

What is GatiShakti Transport Planning and Research Organisation(GTPRO)? 

Unified Transport Planning Body

PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan (NMP) 

India’s Initiatives for New-Age Highways 

National Highway network

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): 

Q1. What is GTPRO and why is it being established? 
GTPRO (GatiShakti Transport Planning and Research Organisation) will replace the Network Planning Group to provide unified, long-term infrastructure planning and project appraisal across all transport ministries. 

Q2. How does PM Gati Shakti’s GIS-based platform improve project planning? 
It integrates 550+ layers of real-time data, enabling faster, environmentally sensitive, and more efficient transport planning. 

Q3. What role do apps like Rajmargyatra and NHAI One play in transport modernization? 
They provide real-time data, user feedback, and operational monitoring, promoting citizen engagement and digital governance. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims:

Q1. In India, the term “Public Key Infrastructure” is used in the context of : (2020)  

(a) Digital security infrastructure   

(b) Food security infrastructure   

(c) Health care and education infrastructure   

(d) Telecommunication and transportation infrastructure   

Ans: (a)


Mains: 

Q. National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) emphasises on ‘moving people’ instead of ‘moving vehicles’. Discuss critically the success of the various strategies of the Government in this regard. (2014)



India–Sri Lanka Fishing Dispute and Way Forward

12-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

The India–Sri Lanka fishing dispute highlights the need for a “humane approach” that balances fishing livelihoods with ecological conservation in the Palk Strait and around Katchatheevu island.

Katchatheevu

What is the India–Sri Lanka Fishing Dispute?

What Measures Can Address the India–Sri Lanka Fishing Issue and Ensure Sustainable Fisheries?

Conclusion

The Katchatheevu and Palk Strait issues should be seen as opportunities for cooperation, not conflict. A fair fisheries regime that protects artisanal livelihoods and ecology is key. Smaller disputes must not overshadow the larger vision of peace and mutual respect in South Asia.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. The India–Sri Lanka fishing dispute reflects the clash between livelihood needs and ecological sustainability. Discuss

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Mains 

Q. ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India's role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (2022)

Q. In respect of India-Sri Lanka relations, discuss how domestic factors influence foreign policy. (2013)



Isobutanol Blending with Diesel

12-09-2025

Source: TH

India is now exploring isobutanol blending with diesel after unsuccessful ethanol-diesel trials, highlighting the government’s push for biofuels to support farmers, reduce oil imports, and ensure sustainable energy use.

Read more: India Achieves 20% Ethanol Blending in Petrol



Samudra Pradakshina

12-09-2025

Source: PIB

Defence Minister flagged off ‘Samudra Pradakshina’, the world’s first-ever Tri-service all-women sailing circumnavigation expedition, symbolising Nari Shakti, jointness of Armed Forces, Aatmanirbhar Bharat, and India’s maritime vision.

Read more: Navika Sagar Parikrama II



Black Aspergillus in Western Ghats

12-09-2025

Source: PIB

Scientists have discovered two new species of black aspergillus (Aspergillus dhakephalkarii and Aspergillus patriciawiltshireae), from the Western Ghats, marking India’s first study in this group using advanced polyphasic taxonomy.

 Black Aspergillus

World’s 8 ‘Hottest Biodiversity Hotspots

Biodiversity Hotspot in India

Read more:New Species of Plants and Animals Discovered



Initiatives Driving the Agricultural Growth in India

12-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

At the 16th Agriculture Leadership Conclave, the Union Minister of Commerce and Industry, highlighted major initiatives driving agricultural growth in India, focusing on soil health, credit access, digital innovation, and global trade. 

What are the Initiatives Driving the Agricultural Growth in India? 

India’s Agricultural Growth  

Drishti Mains Question:

Critically assess India's integrated approach towards agricultural growth and increasing the farmers’ income.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Mains

Q. Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How have these revolutions helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? (2017)

Q. Given the vulnerability of Indian agriculture to vagaries of nature, discuss the need for crop insurance and bring out the salient features of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY). (2016)



Revival of Lotus in Wular Lake

12-07-2025

Source: IE 

After three decades of ecological dormancy caused by the 1992 flood, lotus flowers have once again begun blooming in Kashmir’s Wular Lake due to focused conservation efforts led by Wular Conservation and Management Authority (WUCMA). 

Wular Lake 

Lotus (Nelumbo Nucifera) 

Lakes_in_India

Read More: Disputes Related to Indus Water Treaty 


International Criminal Court (ICC)

12-07-2025

Source: IE 

The International Criminal Court (ICC) has issued arrest warrants against Taliban leaders under Article 7(1)(h) of the Rome Statute for crimes against humanity, citing systematic gender and political persecution in Afghanistan.  

International Criminal Court (ICC) 

Read More: International Criminal Court (ICC), ICJ Proceedings: South Africa vs. Israel 


INS Nistar

12-07-2025

Source: PIB 

The Indian Navy has inducted INS Nistar, its first indigenously built Diving Support Vessel (DSV), delivered by Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL), Visakhapatnam. 

INS_Nistar

INS Nistar 

Read More: INS Nirdeshak 


Himalayas and Kashmir’s Climate Shift

12-07-2025

Source: PIB 

A recent palaeobotanical study conducted by scientists from the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP), Lucknow, has revealed that the Kashmir Valley, currently known for its cool Mediterranean-type climate, was once a warm and humid subtropical region approximately 4 million years ago. 

Study on Kashmir’s Climate Shift 

Read More: Himalayas More Prone to Extreme Weather Events 


Global HIV/AIDS Fight at Risk

12-07-2025

Source: IE 

According to the UNAIDS, a sudden halt in US funding for the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) threatens to reverse decades of progress in the fight against HIV/AIDS. 

Read More: US Agency for International Development 


Petrodollar System

12-01-2026

Source: TH 

The US capture of Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro has renewed attention on the declining influence of the petrodollar amid changing global oil trade dynamics. 

Read more: US Intervention in Venezuela and the Revival of the Monroe Doctrine 


Census 2027

12-01-2026

Source: IE 

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has notified the commencement of house-listing operations for Census of India 2027, marking the start of preparations for the 16th Census, the first nationwide census exercise since 2011. 

Key Highlights of Census 2027 

Census

Read More: Caste Census in India: Need and Challenges 


PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana

11-12-2025

Source: PIB 

The PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PM-DDKY) – FPO Sangam was successfully hosted by the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, with over 72 Farmers Producer Organisation (FPO)s from 15 states participating. 

Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana 

PMDDKY

PMDDKY_vs_Other_Schemes

Read MorePrime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY) 


INTERPOL Issues Blue Corner Notice

11-12-2025

Source: ET 

In the aftermath of the Goa nightclub fire that claimed 25 lives, INTERPOL has issued a Blue Corner Notice against the absconding owners of the nightclub to help trace their location across borders. 

Type of Notice 

Purpose 

Red Notice 

To seek the location and arrest of persons wanted for prosecution or to serve a sentence 

Yellow Notice 

To locate missing persons, especially minors, or identify persons unable to identify themselves 

Black Notice 

To seek information on unidentified bodies 

Green Notice 

To warn about a person’s criminal activities who may pose a threat to public safety 

Orange Notice 

To warn of an event, person, object, or process posing a serious and imminent public safety threat 

Purple Notice 

To share information on modus operandi, tools, devices, and concealment methods used by criminals 

Silver Notice (Pilot) 

To identify and trace criminal assets 

INTERPOL–UNSC Special Notice 

Issued for individuals and entities under UN Security Council sanctions 

INTERPOL

Read more: Notices of Interpol 


Hybrid Mutual Funds

11-12-2025

Source:ET 

Why in News?  

As equity markets touch new highs, hybrid mutual fund schemes are gaining popularity among investors. Wealth managers are increasingly recommending these funds, especially for investors who find it difficult to rebalance investments on their own. 

What are the Hybrid Mutual Funds? 

Major Types of Hybrid Mutual Funds

Type of Fund 

Description 

Equity Savings Fund 

Invests a small portion in equity (10–25%) and the rest in debt and arbitrage for stable, low-risk returns 

Balanced Hybrid Fund 

Allocates 40–60% each to equity and debt to balance growth and stability 

Aggressive Hybrid Fund 

Invests 65–80% in equity and the rest in debt for higher growth with higher risk 

Dynamic Asset Allocation / Balanced Advantage Fund 

Shifts between equity and debt based on market conditions and valuations 

Multi-Asset Allocation Fund 

Invests in at least three asset classes such as equity, debt, and gold for wider diversification 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What are hybrid mutual funds? 
Hybrid mutual funds invest in more than one asset class, mainly equity and debt, to provide a balanced risk-return profile. 

Q. Why are hybrid funds considered tax-efficient? 
Hybrid funds with over 65% equity exposure are taxed as equity funds, attracting lower LTCG tax (12.5%) compared to debt instruments. 

Q. What is the working mechanism of hybrid mutual funds? 
They follow a fixed or flexible asset mix and are regularly rebalanced by the fund manager to control risk automatically.

Summary 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. In the context of finance, the term ‘beta’ refers to (2023)

a) the process of simultaneous buying and selling of an asset from different platforms.

b) an investment strategy of a portfolio manager to balance risk versus reward

c) a type of systemic risk that arises where perfect hedging is not possible

d) a numeric value that measures the fluctuations of a stock to changes in the overall stock market

Ans: d 



ICFT–UNESCO Gandhi Medal

11-11-2025

Source: PIB 

The 56th International Film Festival of India (IFFI), 2025, the ICFT-UNESCO Gandhi Medal continues to honour cinematic works that embody Mahatma Gandhi’s values of peace, non-violence, and inter-cultural dialogue. 

ICFT–UNESCO Gandhi Medal 

Read More: National Film Awards 


Co-Op Kumbh 2025

11-11-2025

Source: IE 

The Union Minister of Cooperation inaugurated ‘Co-Op Kumbh 2025’, an international conference on the future of India’s urban cooperative banking sector, and adopted the Delhi Declaration 2025. 

Key Outcomes 

Key Achievements in Cooperative Sector 

Read More: Amul Ranks as the World's Top Cooperative in GDP Per Capita 


Rules for Sustainable Harnessing of Fisheries in the Exclusive Economic Zone

11-11-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

India has notified the Rules for Sustainable Harnessing of Fisheries in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). This major step supports India’s Blue Economy vision and fulfills the Union Budget 2025–26 announcement to build a sustainable deep-sea fisheries framework. 

What are the Rules for Sustainable Harnessing of Fisheries in the EEZ? 

ReALCRaft Portal 

What is the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)? 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)? 
The EEZ extends up to 200 nautical miles under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982), granting the coastal state sovereign rights over exploration, conservation and management of living and non-living resources 

2. What are the core features of the new Exclusive Economic Zone Rules? 
They prioritise Fishermen Cooperative Societies and Fish Farmer Producer Organisations, prohibit harmful practices such as LED-light fishing, pair trawling, and introduce a digital Access Pass through the ReALCRaft portal. 

3. What is ReALCRaft Portal? 
It is a national online platform of the Department of Fisheries that enables vessel registration, licensing, ownership transfer, and related services, improving ease of doing business for fishers and coastal States/UTs. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements: (2022)

  1. A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baseline determined in accordance with the convention.
  2. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.
  3. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: D 



SEBI Flags Digital Gold Risks

11-11-2025

Source: ET 

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has issued a strong advisory cautioning investors against investing in unregulated digital gold/e-gold products, highlighting their high risks and lack of investor protection.

Read More: Shift From Physical to Digital Gold 


Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)

11-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

Over the past 10 years, Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) has become a cornerstone of India’s sustainable agriculture initiatives.  

What is Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana?

Assistance_Provided_under_PMVY_Scheme

What are the Types of Organic Certification in India? 

Organic_Certification_in_India 

Read More: Natural Farming 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q.1 How is permaculture farming different from conventional chemical farming? (2021) 

  1. Permaculture farming discourages monocultural practices but in conventional chemical farming, monoculture practices are predominant. 
  2. Conventional chemical farming can cause an increase in soil salinity but the occurrence of such phenomenon is not observed in permaculture farming. 
  3. Conventional chemical farming is easily possible in semi-arid regions but permaculture farming is not so easily possible in such regions. 
  4. Practice of mulching is very important in permaculture farming but not necessarily so in conventional chemical farming. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below. 

(a) 1 and 3 
(b) 1, 2 and 4 
(c) 4 only 
(d) 2 and 3 

Ans: (b) 

Q.2 Which of the following is the chief characteristic of ‘mixed farming’? (2012) 

(a) Cultivation of both cash crops and food crops 
(b) Cultivation of two or more crops in the same field 
(c) Rearing of animals and cultivation of crops together 
(d) None of the above 

Ans: (c) 



SC Halts Aravalli Jungle Safari Over Ecological Concerns

11-10-2025

Source: IE 

The Supreme Court of India has temporarily halted the Aravalli Jungle Safari Project in Haryana, citing concerns over its environmental impact on one of India’s most ecologically sensitive regions that serves as the green lung of Delhi-NCR. 

Mountain_Ranges_India

Read more: Aravallis: A Mountain Lost 


India Mobile Congress

11-10-2025

Source:PIB 

The 9th edition of India Mobile Congress (IMC 2025), Asia’s largest telecom, media, and technology event, was inaugurated by the Prime Minister in New Delhi.

India Mobile Congress 

Read More: India Mobile Congress 2023 


Project Waterworth

11-10-2025

Source: ET 

Meta Platforms has chosen Mumbai and Visakhapatnam as the landing sites for the India leg of its multibillion-dollar undersea cable project Waterworth. 

Project_Waterworth

Read more: Meta's Project Waterworth 


Eklavya Model Residential Schools

11-07-2025

Source: TH 

Several students from Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) have cracked medical & engineering entrance exams.

Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) 

Other Initiatives for Tribal Education 

Read More: Recruitment Concerns in Eklavya Model 



Advancements in Magnetic Field Measurements

11-07-2025

Source: PIB

Scientists at the Raman Research Institute (RRI) have developed a technique called Raman-Driven Spin Noise Spectroscopy (RDSNS) which can be incorporated into an all-optical quantum magnetometer to improve magnetic field measurements.

RDSNS (Raman-Driven Spin Noise Spectroscopy): 

Magnetometer: 

Read More: Aditya-L1: Deployment of Magnetometer Boom in Sun's Orbit 


Sariska Tiger Reserve

11-07-2025

Source: IE 

The Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife (SC-NBWL), chaired by the Union Environment Minister, has approved the proposal to redraw the boundaries of the Sariska Tiger Reserve’s (STR) Critical Tiger Habitat (CTH), with the Supreme Court's final nod awaited. 

Sariska_Tiger_Reserve

Read more:  Sariska Tiger Reserve 


Aadi KARMAYOGI and TALASH

11-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has launched the first Regional Process Lab (RPL) under the Aadi KARMAYOGI, which focuses on strengthening local governance. 

What is Aadi KARMAYOGI? 

What is TALASH? 

Note: Tamanna (Try And Measure Aptitude And Natural Abilities) is an aptitude test developed by NCERT and Central Board of Secondary Education under the Ministry of Education. It helps students of Classes IX and X understand their strengths across various dimensions.  

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India: (2019)

  1. PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.  
  2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status.  
  3. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far.  
  4. Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs. 

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

(a) 1, 2 and 3  

(b) 2, 3 and 4  

(c) 1, 2 and 4  

(d) 1, 3 and 4  

Ans: C 



Indigenous MALE Drones

11-07-2025

Source: TH 

India is accelerating the procurement of 87 indigenously developed Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) drones, featuring at least 60% indigenous content, to reduce dependence on foreign suppliers and strengthen surveillance along its sea and land borders. 

India’s Indigenous Drones 

Drone Name 

Key Features 

Lakshya 

Target drone for reconnaissance and target acquisition; rocket-launched, turbojet-powered. 

Nishant 

Multi-mission UAV; day/night capable; used for surveillance, target tracking, and artillery fire correction. 

RUSTOM-1 

Short Range Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (SR-RPAS, 800 kg class); performs ISR, target acquisition, and image exploitation. 

TAPAS/Rustom-2 

MALE UAV developed for Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance (ISTAR) roles. 

Archer 

Weaponized short-range UAV; for reconnaissance, surveillance, and low-intensity conflict. 

Note: All the above mentioned drones have been developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).  

Read More: UAVs in Modern Warfare 


Benin

10-12-2025

Source: TH 

Benin witnessed a failed military coup attempt by a group of soldiers  (Military Committee for Refoundation (CMR)) who briefly claimed to remove President Patrice Talon from office. 

Benin

Read more: Economic Community of West African States 


Nahargarh Biological Park

10-12-2025

Source: IE 

A bus caught fire during a lion safari at Nahargarh Biological Park (part of Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary) in Jaipur, Rajasthan, raising serious concerns over safety standards, vehicle maintenance, and environmental protection in ecotourism zones. 

Nahargarh Biological Park 

Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS) 

Nahargarh_WLS

Aravalli Range 

Read More: Mining in Aravalli Range 


DHRUVA Framework

10-12-2025

Source:TH 

Why in News?  

The Department of Posts has prepared a draft of proposed amendments to the Post Office Act, 2023 to provide the necessary legislative backing for the Digital Hub for Reference and Unique Virtual Address (DHRUVA) framework.  

What is the DHRUVA Framework? 

DIGPIN

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is DHRUVA? 
DHRUVA (Digital Hub for Reference and Unique Virtual Address) is a proposed Digital Public Infrastructure that issues tokenised digital address labels linked to a user’s descriptive address and geo-coded DIGIPIN for standardised, consent-based address sharing.

Q. What is DIGIPIN and how does it work? 
DIGIPIN is a 10-digit alphanumeric, open-source geocode developed by India Post that assigns a unique code to every 12 sq. metre block using a 16-character grid derived from latitude–longitude coordinates.

Q. How does DHRUVA protect user privacy? 
DHRUVA proposes consent-based address sharing and tokenisation, enabling users to control who accesses their descriptive address and DIGIPIN and for what duration, thereby reducing repeated disclosure of personal address information.

Summary 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. Aadhaar card can be used as a proof of citizenship or domicile.  
  2. Once issued, Aadhaar number cannot be deactivated or omitted by the Issuing Authority.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 only  

(c) Both 1 and 2  

(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (d)



Human Rights Day

10-12-2025

Source: PIB 

Human Rights Day is observed every year on 10th December to commemorate the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948, reaffirming the global commitment to dignity, equality and freedom. 

Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights

Read more: 75 Years: Laws that Shaped India | The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 


Bihar’s Gogabil Lake is India’s 94th Ramsar Site

10-11-2025

Source: TOI

Bihar now has six Ramsar sites, placing it third after Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. India has the highest number of Ramsar sites in Asia and ranks third globally after the UK (176) and Mexico (144), under the Ramsar Convention, 1971. 

Read more: Khichan and Menar as New Ramsar Sites 


Malabar Exercise 2025

10-11-2025

Source: ET 

The annual Malabar exercise, involving India, the US, Australia, and Japan (Quad countries) has commenced in the Northern Pacific near Guam. 

Malabar Exercise 

Quad

Read More: Quad Marks 20 Years of Cooperation 


Expansion of National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)

10-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare has expanded the National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) by including 9 additional commodities, increasing the total tradable agricultural products on the platform to 247 from 238 

What is the National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)? 

Other Digital Marketing Initiatives in Agriculture 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)? 
e-NAM is a pan-India electronic trading platform launched in 2016 to integrate mandis, enable transparent auctions, and improve price discovery for farmers. 

2. How many commodities are tradable on e-NAM after the latest expansion? 
247 agricultural commodities are now tradable on e-NAM after the inclusion of 9 new commodities. 

3. Which other digital initiatives complement e-NAM in India? 
Initiatives include Krishi UDAN 2.0, FPO formation and promotion, ITC e-Choupal, Agri-Stack, and Agri Market Infrastructure Fund (AMIF). 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims 

Q. In India, which of the following can be considered as public investment in agriculture? (2020)

  1. Fixing Minimum Support Price for agricultural produce of all crops  
  2. Computerization of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies  
  3. Social Capital development  
  4. Free electricity supply to farmers  
  5. Waiver of agricultural loans by the banking system  
  6. Setting up of cold storage facilities by the governments  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1, 2 and 5 only  

(b) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only  

(c) 2, 3 and 6 only  

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6  

Ans: (c)

Q. In the context of India’s preparation for Climate -Smart Agriculture, consider the following statements: (2021)

  1. The ‘Climate-Smart Village’ approach in India is a part of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research programme.  
  2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) headquartered in France.  
  3. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’s research centres.  

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (d) 



Breathable Art

10-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Delhi inaugurates ‘Breathable Art’ to raise awareness on air quality and sustainable living. 

Read more: Greening the Education Sector 


International Conference on Space 2025

10-09-2025

Source:PIB

India inaugurated the International Conference on Space 2025, highlighting the country’s ambitious space  goals, its evolving space strategy, and its future role in global space exploration.

India’s Major Space Ambitions

Recent Achievements in India’s Space Journey

Read more: NISAR mission 



CP Radhakrishnan Elected as Vice President

10-09-2025

Source: ToI

Why in News?

CP Radhakrishnan has been elected as India's 15th Vice President, defeating former Supreme Court Judge B Sudershan Reddy in the election following the resignation of Jagdeep Dhankhar.

In the election Radhakrishnan secured 452 votes, while Reddy garnered 300 votes with a high voting turnout of 98.2%.

CP Radhakrishnan

What are Key Facts About the Vice President (VP) of India? 

Some Unique Facts About Office of Vice President of India

VP of India



Vera C. Rubin Observatory

10-07-2025

Source: IE 

The Vera C. Rubin Observatory, an astronomical facility in Chile (8,684 feet above sea level atop Cerro Pachón mountain), released its first test images, utilizing the Simonyi Survey Telescope as its primary instrument. 

Vera C. Rubin Observatory 

Read More: Dark Matter and Dark Energy 


Olive Ridley Turtles

10-01-2026

Source: TH 

The ongoing olive ridley turtle (ORTs) nesting season is facing significant threats from human activities, highlighted by the recent discovery of carcasses linked to fishing nets and concerns over disruptive artificial lighting. 

Olive_Ridley_Turtle

Read More: Mass Nesting of Olive Ridley Turtles 


Winter Migratory Birds in Assam

10-01-2026

Source: TH

Each winter, Assam’s wetlands, riverbeds, floodplains, and natural & artificial reservoirs, become vital seasonal habitats for a diverse array of migratory birds arriving via the Central Asian Flyway to escape the harsh cold of Siberia, Tibet, and Europe.

Read More: Migratory Birds and Chilika Lake


FDI Trends in India

10-01-2026

Source: BL

According to the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), India witnessed a strong rise in foreign direct investment (FDI) during the first half (H1) of FY26 (April-September 2025), driven primarily by a doubling of inflows into the IT sector.

 

Read More: Foreign Direct Investment in India


Childhood Hypertension

10-01-2026

Source: TH

Recently, health experts highlighted that the prevalence of elevated blood pressure among children and adolescents has nearly doubled globally between 2000 and 2020, signalling a growing paediatric public health concern.

Read more: Hypertension



India International Science Festival (IISF), 2025

09-12-2025

Source: PIB 

The 11th edition of the India International Science Festival (IISF) 2025 commenced in Panchkula, Haryana 

 

IISF 

Read More: Empowering States Through Science 


Crypto Transactions Surge in India

09-12-2025

Source: TH 

Cryptocurrency transactions in India crossed Rs 51,180 crore in 2024–25, marking a 41% rise from the previous year. This is based on Rs 511  crore collected as 1% Tax Deducted at Source (TDS)as reported by the Finance Ministry in the Rajya Sabha. 

Read more: Cryptocurrency and Blockchain 


In-vitro Fertilization (IVF) Technology

09-12-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

Indian Council of Medical Research–National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH) report shows that infertile couples in India face a heavy financial burden, with a single In-vitro Fertilization (IVF) cycle costing over Rs 1 lakh even in public hospitals.  

What is In-vitro Fertilization (IVF)? 

Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act, 2021 

In-vitro_Fertilization

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is the main finding of the ICMR–NIRRCH study on IVF? 
It found that a single IVF cycle costs over ₹1 lakh even in public hospitals, causing high out-of-pocket burden. 

Q. Which law regulates IVF and ART services in India? 
The Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act, 2021 and its Rules regulate ART practices in India. 

Q. Which government scheme currently provides limited IVF reimbursement? 
CGHS provides one-time reimbursement up to ₹65,000 for three fresh IVF cycles, subject to eligibility. 

Q. Why is inclusion of IVF under PM-JAY being demanded? 
To reduce financial burden, improve access, and address declining fertility and rising infertility.

Summary 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims 

Q. In the context of recent advances in human reproductive technology, “Pronuclear Transfer” is used for (2020) 

(a) fertilization of egg in vitro by the donor sperm  

(b) genetic modification of sperm producing cells  

(c) development of stem cells into functional embryos  

(d) prevention of mitochondrial diseases in offspring  

Ans: (d)  

Q. Consider the following statements: (2020)

  1. Genetic changes can be introduced in the cells that produce eggs or sperms of a prospective parent. 
  2. A person’s genome can be edited before birth at the early embryonic stage. 
  3. Human induced pluripotent stem cells can be injected into the embryo of a pig. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 2 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (d)



INS Sutlej

09-10-2025

Source: PIB

INS Sutlej arrived at Port Louis to conduct the 18th Joint Hydrographic Survey in Mauritius.

Read More: India-Mauritius Relations 


RBI’s Recommendations on Liquidity Management Framework

09-08-2025

Source: BS 

Why in News?  

The Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) Internal Working Group (IWG) has submitted its recommendations to improve the efficiency and predictability of the Liquidity Management Framework (LMF), which has been in operation since February 2020. 

What is RBI's Liquidity Management Framework (LMF)? 

Recommendations of RBI on Liquidity Management Framework (LMF) 

Key Terms Related to RBI's LMF 

Quantitative_Instruments_Monetary_Policy

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. If the RBI decides to adopt an expansionist monetary policy, which of the following would it not do? (2020)

  1. Cut and optimize the Statutory Liquidity Ratio 
  2. Increase the Marginal Standing Facility Rate 
  3. Cut the Bank Rate and Repo Rate 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b)

Q.Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)? (2017) 

  1. It decides the RBI’s benchmark interest rates. 
  2. It is a 12-member body including the Governor of RBI and is reconstituted every year. 
  3. It functions under the chairmanship of the Union Finance Minister. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 1 and 2 only 

(c) 3 only 

(d) 2 and 3 only 

Ans: (a)



India-UAE 13th JDCC

09-08-2025

Source: PIB 

India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) reaffirmed their commitment to deepening defence ties during the 13th Joint Defence Cooperation Committee (JDCC) meeting held in New Delhi.

Key Outcomes of 13th JDCC Meet: 

Significance of India- UAE Relations: 

Read More:  



Diabetes in India

09-08-2025

Source: IE 

A Lancet Global Health study based on the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) found that at least one in five Indians aged 45 and above had diabetes in 2019. 

Note: Type 5 diabetes is a newly recognized form affecting lean teens and young adults with a body-mass index (BMI) below 18.5 kg/m².  

Read more: World Diabetes Day 2024 


White-bellied Heron and Kalai-II Project

09-01-2026

Source: IE

Why in News?

The environmental clearance (EC) for the 1,200-MW Kalai-II hydropower project on the Lohit River in Arunachal Pradesh (AR) has triggered concerns over serious omissions in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), particularly regarding the critically endangered white-bellied heron.

What are White-bellied Herons?

What is the Kalai-II Hydropower Project?

Lohit River

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the conservation status of the White-bellied Heron?
It is Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List) and a Schedule-I species under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

2. Where is the White-bellied Heron found in India?
Mainly in Arunachal Pradesh—Lohit, Anjaw, and Changlang districts, including Namdapha and Kamlang Tiger Reserves.

3. How do hydropower dams threaten the White-bellied Heron?
By altering river flow, fragmenting habitats, reducing fish availability, and increasing human disturbance. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q. With reference to India’s Desert National Park, which of the following statements are correct? (2020)

  1. It is spread over two districts.
  2. There is no human habitation inside the Park.
  3. It is one of the natural habitats of Great Indian Bustard.

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c)

Q. Which one of the following National Parks has a climate that varies from tropical to subtropical, temperate and arctic? (2015)

(a) Khangchendzonga National Park

(b) Nandadevi National Park

(c) Neora Valley National Park

(d) Namdapha National Park

Ans: (d)



BHASHINI's Shrutlekh Multilingual Translation Tool

09-01-2026

Source: PIB

The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) demonstrated Digital India BHASHINI’s AI tool, Shrutlekh, by using it for real-time multilingual speech-to-text translation during key speeches.

Shrutlekh

BHASHINI (BHASHa INterface for India)

Read More: Tech-Driven Multilingual Inclusion in India



Turkman Gate

09-01-2026

Source: IE

Turkman Gate is in the news following a recent demolition drive that turned violent, recalling the Emergency (1975–77) when the area witnessed forced demolitions and coercive sterilisation drives, later examined by the Shah Commission.

Read more: Indo-Islamic Architecture


Avian Flu

09-01-2026

Source:TH

A fresh outbreak of avian influenza (H5N1) in Kuttanad, Kerala has once again disrupted its centuries-old duck-rearing tradition, raising serious concerns about livelihoods, biodiversity, and rural sustainability.

Read more: H5N1 Bird Flu



e-B-4 Business Visa for Chinese Nationals

09-01-2026

Source: TH

India has introduced an e-Production Investment Business Visa (e-B-4) for Chinese nationals, allowing fully online travel for production- and investment-related business activities without requiring embassy visits.

Read more: Evolving Landscape of India-China Relations



Spina Bifida

09-01-2026

Source: TH

Recently, health experts highlighted that India has one of the world’s highest prevalence rates(~4 per 1,000 births) of Spina Bifida, with over 25,000 children affected every year.

Read more: Neurological Disorders in India


EARTH Summit 2025

08-12-2025

Source: PIB

Union Home & Cooperation Minister inaugurated EARTH Summit 2025 in Gandhinagar, launching 13+ digital services under Sahakar Sarathi, including Digi Kisan Credit Card (KCC)Cooperative Governance Index, and the World’s Largest Grain Storage Application. 

Read more: Towards a Vibrant Rural India 


GIFT City as Reinsurance Hub

08-12-2025

Source: ET 

India’s plan to turn Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City) into a global reinsurance hub,  is advancing with over 10 international insurers already set up and more in line. 

GIFT City 

Read More: GIFT City and Bullion Exchange 


Kazakhstan Poised to Join Abraham Accords

08-11-2025

Source: IE 

US President Donald Trump announced that Kazakhstan will join the Abraham Accordsexpanding the framework that normalises relations between Israel and Muslim-majority nations. 

Read more: Three years of the Abraham Accords 


Mussels as Bioindicators

08-11-2025

Source: TH    

Mussels are being used as bioindicators to monitor microplastic and chemical pollution in the Saronic Gulf of Greece. 

Mussels_Bioindicators

Read more: Invasive Species: Charru Mussel 


Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025

08-10-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

The Nobel Assembly at Sweden’s Karolinska Institutet has awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Mary E. Brunkow (US), Fred Ramsdell (US), and Shimon Sakaguchi (Japan). 

Indian Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine:  In 1968, Har Gobind Khorana from India was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Marshall Nirenberg and Robert Holley from the US, for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.

What are the Key Discoveries of the 2025 Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine?

Significance of Discoveries

What are the Key Facts About the Human Immune System?

   

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

  1. Who won the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine?
    Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi won for discovering regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the FOXP3 gene involved in immune tolerance.
  2. What is the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs)?
    Tregs act as “peacekeepers” of the immune system, preventing autoimmune reactions by ensuring self-tolerance.
  3. What is peripheral immune tolerance?
    It is the mechanism by which the immune system prevents self-reactive cells from attacking the body’s own tissues, maintaining immune balance.
  4. Who is the only Indian Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine?
    Har Gobind Khorana, awarded in 1968 for interpreting the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Nobel Prize winning scientist James D. Watson is known for his work in which area? (2008) 

(a) Metallurgy  

(b) Meteorology 

(c) Environmental protection  

(d) Genetics 

Ans: (d)



Swadesh Darshan Scheme

08-08-2025

Source: PIB 

The Ministry of Tourism undertook a review of the Swadesh Darshan Scheme (SDS) following the CAG’s performance audit 

Swadesh Darshan Scheme (SDS & SD2.0) 

Key Initiatives for Tourism Development 

Read More: Swadesh Darshan Scheme, Advancing Sustainable Tourism in India 



MS Swaminathan Centenary Conference

08-08-2025

Source: PIB 

The Prime Minister of India inaugurated the MS Swaminathan Centenary International Conference at New Delhi celebrating the legacy of the father of India’s Green Revolution. 

MS_Swaminathan

Read More: MS Swaminathan 


WHO Classified Hepatitis D as Carcinogenic

08-08-2025

Source: IE

The World Health Organization (WHO) has reclassified Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) as carcinogenic. 

Hepatitis 

Hepatitis

Read More: Global Hepatitis Report 2024World Hepatitis Day

 



Helgoland

08-07-2025

Source: TH

Helgoland (or Heligoland), a small 1.7 sq km red sandstone German archipelago, 50 km off Germany’s coast in the North Sea, is renowned as the birthplace of quantum mechanics. 

Helgoland

Foundation of Quantum Mechanics: 

Werner Heisenberg: 

Quantum_Mechanics_Vs_General_Relativity

Read More: Quantum Nature of Gravity 




BIS Foundation Day 2026

08-01-2026

Source: PIB

Recently, the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) celebrated its 79th Foundation Day on 6th January 2026. 

Read more: Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) Act 2016 


Ayush Export Promotion Council

08-01-2026

Source: PIB

Recently, the Ayush Export Promotion Council (AYUSHEXCIL) observed its 4th Establishment Anniversary on 4th January 2026. 

Read more: AYUSH Sector's Growth 


Mpemba Effect

08-01-2026

Source:PIB 

Scientists from the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), an autonomous institute under the Department of Science and Technology (DST), have developed the first supercomputer-powered simulations to explain the Mpemba effect. 

Read more: Mpemba Effect 


Indian Railways’ Electrification Drive

08-01-2026

Source: PIB 

Indian Railways has electrified 99.2% of its Broad Gauge (1.676 metre distance between the inner faces of the two parallel rail lines) network, covering 69,427 Route Kilometres (RKMs) out of 70,001 RKMs as of November 2025, aligning infrastructure growth with sustainability. 

Pace_of_Railway_Electrification Electrified_Railway_Network

Benefits_of_Railway_Electrification

Read More: Reforming Indian Railways 


Akash-NG Missile

08-01-2026

Source:IE 

Why in News?  

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully completed User Evaluation Trials (UET) of the Akash-NG (Next Generation) , clearing the path for its induction into the Indian Air Force (IAF). 

Summary

What are the Key Facts About the Akash-NG? 

Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is Akash-NG? 
Akash-NG is a next-generation surface-to-air missile (SAM) designed to intercept high-speed, high-manoeuvring, low-RCS aerial threats up to 70 km.

2. Why are User Evaluation Trials (UETs) important? 
Successful UETs confirm operational readiness under real conditions and clear the system for induction into the IAF.

3. How is Akash-NG different from the original Akash? 
Akash-NG is lighter (350 kg vs 700 kg), has a longer range, uses a dual-pulse solid rocket motor, and offers better mobility and survivability

4. Who developed Akash-NG and who produces it? 
It was developed by DRDO and is produced by Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL).

5. What is IGMDP, and why is it significant? 
The Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme, led by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam laid the foundation for India’s indigenous missile systems like Prithvi, Akash, Nag, and Agni, enhancing strategic self-reliance.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q1. What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news? (2018) 

(a) An Israeli radar system 
(b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme 
(c) An American anti-missile system 
(d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea. 

Ans: (c) 

Q2. With reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2014) 

  1. It is a surface-to-surface missile. 
  2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only. 
  3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a) 



150th Anniversary of India’s National Song

07-11-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Prime Minister inaugurated year-long celebrations marking 150 years of Vande Mataram on 7th November 2025. The national song “Vande Mataram” composed by Bankimchandra Chatterji, is believed to have been written on Akshaya Navami on 7th November 1875. 

What are the Key Facts About Vande Mataram? 

Vande Mataram - Song of Resistance & Collective Consciousness 

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee (1838–1894) 

Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. Who composed Vande Mataram? 
Vande Mataram: Also pronounced “Bande Mataram,” it was composed in Sanskrit by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in 1875 and later included in his Bengali novel Anandamath. 

2. Is the National Song mentioned in the Constitution? 
No explicit mention. Article 51A(a) imposes a Fundamental Duty to respect the Constitution, National Flag, and National Anthem. 

3. What are the two historic movements where Vande Mataram was central? 
During the Partition of Bengal (1905), mass gatherings at Calcutta Town Hall sang Vande Mataram in protest. In Gulbarga (1938), students defied the ban on the song, leading to arrests and expulsions.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims:

Q. Who among the following is associated with ‘Songs from Prison’, a translation of ancient Indian religious lyrics in English? (2021)

(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak  

(b) Jawaharlal Nehru  

(c) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi  

(d) Sarojini Naidu  

Ans: (c)

Q. What is the number of spokes in the Dharmachakra in the National Flag of India? (2008) 

(a) 16   

(b) 18   

(c) 22   

(d) 24  

Ans: (d) 



Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary: India’s Third Cheetah Site

07-11-2025

Source: IE 

Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary (NWS) in Madhya Pradesh is being prepared as India’s third cheetah site.  

Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary 

Nauradehi_Wildlife_Sanctuary

Read more: Project Cheetah and Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary 


Cyclone Shakhti

07-10-2025

Source: IE 

Cyclone Shakhti, a name given by Sri Lanka, which originated in the Arabian Sea, has strengthened into a severe cyclonic storm (SCS) with wind speeds reaching 100 kmph. 

Cyclones 

Cyclone_Classification

Cyclone

Read More: Cyclones 


NAVYA Initiative

07-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Nurturing Aspirations through Vocational Training for Young Adolescent Girls (NAVYA) initiative, launched under Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) 4.0, aims to empower adolescent girls aged 16-18 by providing them with vocational training in emerging job sectors. 

What is the NAVYA Initiative? 

Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) 

PMKVY 4.0

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the NAVYA initiative? 
It is a joint effort by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) and the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) to provide skill training and holistic development to adolescent girls aged 16–18 . 

2. Which sectors and skills does NAVYA focus on? 
NAVYA offers training in emerging and non-traditional sectors like AI-enabled services, cybersecurity, digital marketing, drone assembly, and CCTV installation.  

3. How does NAVYA empower adolescent girls beyond vocational skills? 
It integrates life skills, health and nutrition, financial literacy, workplace safety (POSH & POCSO awareness), to ensure holistic development and socio-economic independence. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims: 

Q. With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment. 
  2. It, among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, and financial and digital literacy. 
  3. It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 and 3 only  

(b) 2 only  

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (c)



DAC Greenlights Multi-Domain Capability Upgrades for Armed Forces

07-08-2025

Source: IE

The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) chaired by the Defence Minister has approved capital acquisition proposals worth ₹67,000 crore, enhancing combat readiness across the Army, Navy, and Air Force.

Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) 

Read More: Defence Acquisition Council




High-Efficiency Material for Next-Gen Energy Storage

07-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS), Bengaluru & Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) have developed a lanthanum-doped silver niobate-based energy storage material, which has enhanced the performance of supercapacitors.

Lanthanum-Doped Silver Niobate Energy Storage Material: 

Supercapacitors: 

Batteries_Vs_Supercapacitors

Read More: Paper-based Supercapacitor for Rapid Device Charging 




Bonn Climate Change Conference 2025

07-07-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News?

The 62nd annual session of the Bonn Climate Change Conference was held in Bonn, Germany. This mid-year meeting sets the stage for key climate negotiations ahead of the 30th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Belem, Brazil.

What is the Bonn Climate Change Conference? 

What are the Key Takeaways from the Bonn Conference 2025? 

Nationally Determined Contributions 

UNFCCC_And_COP

Read more: UNFCCC COP29 Baku 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss the role of international climate negotiations like the Bonn Climate Change Conference in strengthening global environmental governance.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims: 

Q. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)

  1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN, and it will go into effect in 2017. 
  2. The Agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2ºC or even 1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels. 
  3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 3 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) 2 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: B 


Mains: 

Q. Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (2021)

Q. Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at the World Leaders Summit of the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November 2021. When was this idea first floated in the International Solar Alliance (ISA)? (2021)



Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme

07-01-2026

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

India’s Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme for Semiconductors has shown strong on-ground outcomes, highlighting rapid progress in building a self-reliant semiconductor design ecosystem amid global supply-chain vulnerabilities. 

What are the Key Facts About the Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme? 

Semiconductor

Key Institutional Frameworks for Semiconductor Design in India 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme? 
It is a central government scheme implemented by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology under the Semicon India Programme to promote indigenous semiconductor chip design via incentives and shared infrastructure.

2. Why is the DLI Scheme necessary for India? 
Design and IP contribute over half of a chip’s value, up to 50% value addition, and 20–50% of BOM, while fabless firms drive ~30–35% of global sales—making indigenous design critical for competitiveness and security.

3. Who is eligible under the DLI Scheme? 
Startups (DPIIT)MSMEs, and domestic companies owned by resident Indian citizens as per FDI norms, enabling participation across enterprise maturity.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims: 

Q. Which one of the following laser types is used in a laser printer? (2008)

(a) Dye laser 
(b) Gas laser 
(c) Semiconductor laser 
(d) Excimer laser 

Ans: (c) 


Mains 

Q. India aims to become a semiconductor manufacturing hub. What are the challenges faced by the semiconductor industry in India? Mention the salient features of the India Semiconductor Mission. (2025)



ICGS Samudra Pratap

07-01-2026

Source:TH

The Defence Minister commissioned Indian Coast Guard Ship (ICGS) Samudra Pratap, the first of two indigenously constructed pollution control vessels for the Indian Coast Guard, marking a significant step in strengthening India’s marine environmental protection capabilities. 

Read more: Launch of Samudra Pratap 


Popocatépetl Volcano

07-01-2026

Source:TH 

National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) has produced the first 3D seismic image of the internal structure of Mexico’s Popocatépetl volcano, improving understanding of magma movement and eruption behaviour in a high-risk volcanic zone. 

Pacific_Ring_of_Fire

Read more: Pacific Ring of Fire 


Wolf Supermoon

07-01-2026

Source: TH

The first full moon of 2026, the Wolf Supermoon, peaked on 2nd January, highlighting a full moon that appeared slightly larger and brighter. A Wolf Supermoon is a combined term referring to the occurrence of the Wolf Moon at the time of a Supermoon. 

THE_RAREST_FULL_MOONS

Read more: Total Lunar Eclipse and Supermoon 


Gaganyaan: ISRO’s Parachute Test Boosts Human-Rating Standards

06-12-2025

Source: PIB 

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)  has successfully conducted the Integrated Main Parachute Airdrop Test (IMAT) — a crucial milestone in preparing India’s first human spaceflight mission, Gaganyaan, scheduled for Q1 2027. The test reinforces ISRO’s human-rating protocols and astronaut safety preparedness. 

Integrated Main Parachute Airdrop Test ( IMAT) 

Gaganyaan Mission 

Read More: Mission Gaganyaan 


India-US Tax Treaty Tussle

06-12-2025

Source: ET 

A proposed shift in the US interpretation of the India-US Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) threatens to remove critical tax benefits for returning Indian professionals, retirees, and remote workers. 

Read More: Advance Pricing Agreements and Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement 


Exercise Harimau Shakti 2025

06-12-2025

Source: PIB 

The 5th edition of the India-Malaysia bilateral military Exercise Harimau Shakti 2025 commenced in Rajasthan to enhance interoperability in counter-terrorism and peacekeeping scenarios. 

Exercise Harimau Shakti 

Other Military Exercises Between India and Malaysia:  

Malaysia

Read More: Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between India and Malaysia 


Operation ‘WeedOut’

06-11-2025

Source: PIB 

Operation ‘WeedOut’ by the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) at Mumbai Airport seized high-grade hydroponic cannabis smuggled from Bangkok under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985. 

Read more: Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985 


India’s First Cooperative Compressed Biogas Plant

06-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation inaugurated India’s first cooperative multi-feed Compressed Biogas (CBG) plant in Kopargaon, Maharashtra. 

Feature 

CBG (Compressed Biogas) 

CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) 

Source 

Produced from biomass and organic waste. 

Extracted from fossil fuels (natural gas fields) 

Environmental Impact 

Eco-friendly, reduces air pollution (e.g., stubble burning), utilizes waste, supports circular economy 

Cleaner than petrol/diesel but fossil fuel-based, contributes to greenhouse gas emissions if not captured efficiently. 

Dependence on Imports 

Can be produced domestically from local biomass, reducing import dependence 

Import dependency in the case of natural gas was at 50.8% in FY25, increasing foreign dependence 

Commercial Viability 

Supports rural employment and renewable energy initiatives 

Conventional energy source, limited scope for rural livelihood creation 

Read more: India's Green Future through BioCNG 


Pandit Chhannulal Mishra: Thumri Maestro Passes Away

06-10-2025

Source: TH

Pandit Chhannulal Mishra, the legendary Hindustani classical vocalist and doyen of the Banaras Gharana, has died, leaving behind a rich legacy in semi-classical forms like Thumri, Dadra, Chaiti, and Kajria. 

Thumri 

Hindustani Classical Music 

Hindustani_Classical_Music

Read More: Hindustani Music 


Exercise KONKAN 2025

06-10-2025

Source: TH 

The Indian Navy and the UK Royal Navy have commenced the bilateral Exercise KONKAN-25 off India’s western coast, marking two decades of growing naval interoperability 

UK

Read more:India-UK Vision 2035 and CETA 


Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement

06-09-2025

Source: IE

Why in News?

The Ministry of Earth Sciences has set up a 12 member panel to implement a new law to safeguard its interests in international ocean waters, aligning with the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement (High Seas Treaty) agreement.

What is the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement ?

BBNJ Countries

UN High Seas Treaty

High Seas

High Seas

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

UNCLOS

Ocean Space

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. With reference to the ‘Trans-Pacific Partnership’, consider the following statements: (2016)

  1. It is an agreement among all the Pacific Rim countries except China and Russia.
  2. It is a strategic alliance for the purpose of maritime security only.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (d)


Q. With reference to ‘Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC)’, consider the following statements: (2015)

  1. It was established very recently in response to incidents of piracy and accidents of oil spills.
  2. It is an alliance meant for maritime security only.

Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. With respect to the South China sea, maritime territorial disputes and rising tension affirm the need for safeguarding maritime security to ensure freedom of navigation and overflight throughout the region. In this context, discuss the bilateral issues between India and China. (2014)



Environment Audit Rules, 2025

06-09-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News?

 The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has notified the Environment Audit Rules, 2025 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, to establish a comprehensive framework for environmental accountability across India. 

What are the Key Features of the Environment Audit Rules, 2025?

Key_Regulatory_Stakeholders_Environment_ Audit Rules

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q1. Which of the following can be threats to the biodiversity of a geographical area? (2012) 

  1. Global warming 
  2. Fragmentation of habitat 
  3. Invasion of alien species 
  4. Promotion of vegetarianism 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 4 only 
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (a)


Q2. Biodiversity forms the basis for human existence in the following ways: (2011) 

  1. Soil formation 
  2. Prevention of soil erosion 
  3. Recycling of waste 
  4. Pollination of crops 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1 and 4 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (d)



Bioproducts

06-09-2025

Source: IE

Why in News?

The Department of Biotechnology (DBT), under its BioE3 Policy, is setting up 16 biomanufacturing hubs across India to boost domestic production of bioproducts such as APIs, biofuel enzymes, reagents for biofertilizers.

What are Bioproducts?

Bioproducts

Government Initiatives Related to Biotechnology

Did You Know?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Other than resistance to pests, what are the prospects for which genetically engineered plants have been created? (2012)

  1. To enable them to withstand drought 
  2. To increase the nutritive value of the produce 
  3. To enable them to grow and do photosynthesis in spaceships and space stations 
  4. To increase their shelf life 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 
(b) 3 and 4 only 
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only 
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (c)



China’s People-Centred Global Governance Initiatives

06-01-2026

Source: TH 

At the 25th Shanghai Cooperation Organization Tianjin Summit, 2025China proposed the Global Governance Initiative (GGI), building on its earlier Global Development Initiative (2021), Global Security Initiative (2022), and Global Civilization Initiative (2023). 

India’s People-centric Global Initiatives 

Read more: Good Governance 


Somnath Swabhiman Parv

06-01-2026

Source: BL 

Why in News? 

The Prime Minister stated that the thousand-year survival of the Somnath temple symbolizes India's indomitable spirit, as the nation celebrates Somnath Swabhiman Parv (1026–2026) for a millennium of unbroken faith and resilience. 

What are the Key Facts Regarding the Somnath Temple? 

Somnath_Temple

Kailas Mahameru Prasad Style 

12 Jyotirlingas and their Location 

Name 

City 

State 

Somnath 

Prabhas Patan 

Gujarat 

Mallikarjuna 

Srisailam 

Andhra Pradesh 

Mahakaleshwar 

Ujjain 

Madhya Pradesh 

Omkareshwar 

Mandhata Island 

Madhya Pradesh 

Kedarnath 

Kedarnath 

Uttarakhand 

Bhimashankar 

Pune (Khed) 

Maharashtra 

Kashi Vishwanath 

Varanasi 

Uttar Pradesh 

Trimbakeshwar 

Trimbak 

Maharashtra 

Baidyanath 

Deoghar 

Jharkhand 

Nageshwar 

Dwarka 

Gujarat 

Rameshwaram 

Rameshwaram 

Tamil Nadu 

Grishneshwar 

Ellora 

Maharashtra 

12_Jyotirlingas

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the historical significance of the year 1026 CE for Somnath? 
It marks the first major invasion and destruction of the temple by Mahmud of Ghazni, an event commemorated a millennium later by the Somnath Swabhiman Parv (1026-2026). 

2. Who led the reconstruction of Somnath Temple after Independence? 
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel initiated reconstruction in 1947; Pran-Pratistha was performed by Dr Rajendra Prasad in 1951. 

3. What is Abadhit Samudra Marg at Somnath? 
It is a sea-facing axis (Tirth Stambh) indicating an uninterrupted sea route to the South Pole (~9,936 km). 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Q. The Prime Minister recently inaugurated the new Circuit House near Somnath Temple at Veraval. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Somnath Temple?

  1. Somnath Temple is one of the Jyotirlinga shrines. 
  2. A description of Somnath Temple was given by Al-Biruni. 
  3. Pran Pratishtha of Somnath Temple (installation of the present day temple) was done by President S. Radhakrishnan. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a)



Green Paradox in Urban Greening

06-01-2026

Source:TH

A global study covering 761 cities across 105 countries, including India, shows that urban greening does not always cool cities and that poorly planned tree and vegetation planting can worsen heat, particularly in dry and water-scarce regions.

Read more: Urban Heat Island Effect



Govt Lifts Import Curbs on Low Ash Metallurgical Coke

06-01-2026

Source:BL

India has withdrawn import restrictions on low ash metallurgical coke (ash content below 18%) after imposing a provisional anti-dumping duty, balancing trade protection with assured raw material availability for the steel sector.

Read more: Coking Coal as Critical Mineral


Rabies as Notifiable Disease

06-01-2026

Source: IE

The Delhi government has decided to declare human rabies a notifiable disease under the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897, aiming to achieve zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies.

Notifiable Disease

 

Read More: Rabies in India


Tractor Emission Norms (TREM)

05-11-2025

Source: TH

Farmers’ organisations have opposed the Union government’s proposal to implement Tractor Emission Norms (TREM) Stage V for tractors from 1st October 2026, urging that the rules would force farmers to buy new tractors, increasing debt and economic hardship.

Read more: Vehicular Emissions in India


Tri-Services Exercise (TSE-2025) “Trishul”

05-11-2025

Source: TH

India has begun Tri-Services Exercise “Trishul-2025” to strengthen integrated operations across land, air, and sea in the Sir Creek and desert sectors of Rajasthan–Gujarat, extending into the northern Arabian Sea.

Read more:  Inter-Services Organisations Rules 2025


Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025

05-09-2025

Source: BS

Why in News?

The Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025 came into effect on 1st September 2025, consolidating India’s immigration laws, imposing stricter penalties for forged documents, and strengthening reporting and monitoring of foreigners.

What are the Key Provisions of the Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025?

Did You Know?

Read more: Refugee, Deportation and Related Issues in India




Indian Navy’s First Training Squadron in Seychelles

05-09-2025

Source: TH

The Indian Navy’s First Training Squadron ( INS Tir, INS Shardul, and ICGS Sarathi) arrived at Port Victoria, Seychelles during a long-range training mission in the South West Indian Ocean Region.

Seychelles

Seychelles

Read more: LAMITIYE-2024



Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana

05-08-2025

Source: TH

The Union Cabinet has approved a total outlay of ₹6,520 crore for Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY) during the 15th Finance Commission Cycle (2021–22 to 2025–26). This includes an additional ₹1,920 crore for enhancing food processing infrastructure and safety measures.

Read More: Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana, Revolutionizing India's Food Processing Landscape




Matri Van Initiative

05-08-2025

Source: PIB

The ‘Matri Van’, a large-scale urban afforestation initiative under the ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ campaign, was launched as part of Van Mahotsav 2025 in Gurugram, Haryana.

‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ Campaign

Aravalli Green Wall Project

Read More: Aravali Green Wall Project, Critical Threats Facing the Aravallis



Mahabodhi Temple

05-07-2025

Source: TOI 

The Supreme Court declined to entertain a petition under Article 32 challenging the Bodh Gaya Temple Act, 1949, which sought exclusive control of the Mahabodhi Temple by the Buddhist community. 

Mahabodhi Temple 

Gautam_Buddha

Read More: Corridor Projects for Vishnupad and Mahabodhi Temples 


Chemical Weapons Convention

05-07-2025

Source: PIB 

India hosted the 23rd Regional Meeting of National Authorities of States Parties in Asia under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). 

Chemical Weapons Convention 

Read More: Chemical Weapons Convention and Biological Weapons Convention 


Sunrise Festival 2025–26

05-01-2026

Source: ET 

Arunachal Pradesh celebrated the inaugural Sunrise Festival 2025-26 at Dong village in Anjaw district, the easternmost point where sunrise first touches Indian territory. 

Sunrise Festival 

Dong Village 

Northeast_India

Read More: Recognising the Heterogeneity of Northeast India 


Suryastra Rocket Launcher

05-01-2026

Source: TH

The Indian Army has signed an emergency procurement contract with NIBE Limited for the indigenous Suryastra long-range rocket launcher, enabling fast-track acquisition within the Emergency Procurement framework. 

Suryastra 

Suryastra

Read More: Self-Reliance in Defence Sector 


8th Economic Census (EC) in 2027

04-12-2025

Source: ET

India will carry out its 8th Economic Census (EC) in 2027, following the two-phase Population Census (2026–27).

Read more: Census in India


Fully Accessible Route (FAR) Bonds

04-12-2025

Source: ET

Why in News? 

Foreign portfolio investment (FPI) through Fully Accessible Route (FAR) eligible bonds stood at Rs 5,760 crore in November, drawing attention to India’s debt market and the factors influencing FPI participation.

What is a Fully Accessible Route (FAR)?

Other Routes for Foreign Investment in Indian Debt

Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What are FAR Bonds?
FAR Bonds are Government of India securities designated under the Fully Accessible Route (FAR) (RBI, 2020) that permit unrestricted foreign investment with no quantitative caps, improving market access and repatriation ease.

2. How do FAR bonds affect FPI inflows?
FAR makes Indian G-secs more attractive to global investors and index funds, raising inflows and bond-market liquidity.

3. What is the Voluntary Retention Route (VRR)?
VRR is an RBI scheme that invites FPIs to commit to retaining a stipulated share of investment for a fixed period (encouraging long-term flows) in exchange for relaxed regulatory norms

Summary

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. Which one of the following groups of items is included in India’s foreign-exchange reserves? (2013)

(a) Foreign-currency assets, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) and loans from foreign countries

(b) Foreign-currency assets, gold holdings of the RBI and SDRs

(c) Foreign-currency assets, loans from the World Bank and SDRs

(d) Foreign-currency assets, gold holdings of the RBI and loans from the World Bank.

Ans: (b)

Q. With reference to Foreign Direct Investment in India, which one of the following is considered its major characteristic? (2020)

(a) It is the investment through capital instruments essentially in a listed company.

(b) It is a largely non-debt creating capital flow.

(c) It is an investment which involves debt-servicing.

(d) It is the investment made by foreign institutional investors in the Government securities.

Ans: (b)



‘Seva Teerth’

04-12-2025

Source: IE

The Union Home Minister referred to the upcoming new Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) in the Central Vista complex as “Seva Teerth”, calling it a landmark in India’s administrative evolution. 

Read More: Kartavya Path


Foreign Liabilities and Assets (FLA) Census 2024-25

04-11-2025

Source: TH

According to the Reserve Bank of India’s 2024–25 Foreign Liabilities and Assets (FLA) census, the US and Singapore together contributed over one-third of India’s total Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), reaffirming their position as India’s top investment partners.

FDI in India

Read more: RBI Annual Report 2024-25



Rowmari-Donduwa Wetland Complex

04-11-2025

Source: TOI

Why in News?

There is a demand for the inclusion of the Rowmari–Donduwa Wetland Complex in Assam as a Ramsar Site, recognizing its remarkable biodiversity and ecological significance.

What is the Rowmari–Donduwa Wetland Complex?

What is Ramsar Convention?

Laokhowa and Burhachapori WLS

Kaziranga National Park

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the Rowmari–Donduwa Wetland Complex?

The Rowmari–Donduwa Complex is a 2.5–3 km² floodplain–marsh within Laokhowa WLS, part of the Kaziranga landscape; it supports 120+ bird species and high avian counts, making it ecologically significant and a strong candidate for Ramsar designation.

2. How does Laokhowa–Burhachapori contribute to wildlife conservation in Assam?

Laokhowa–Burhachapori functions as a buffer and corridor connecting Kaziranga with adjacent PAs, supporting large mammals (rhino, elephant, tiger), wetlands for migratory birds, and riverine species like the Gangetic dolphin.

3. What distinguishes Kaziranga National Park's global conservation status?

It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Tiger Reserve, holding the world's largest population of the endangered Indian one-horned rhinoceros.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following pairs: (2013)

National Park River flowing through Park
1. Corbett National Park Ganga
2. Kaziranga National Park Manas
3. Silent Valley National Park Kaveri

Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?

(a) 1 and 2

(b) 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 

(d) None

Ans: (d)


Q. Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”? (2020)

(a) Corbett

(b) Ranthambore

(c) Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam 

(d) Sundarbans

Ans: (c)



Extension of the RoDTEP Scheme

04-10-2025

Source: TH 

The Government of India has extended the Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) scheme for exporters until March 2026. The move comes as a relief to exporters struggling with rising US tariffs and global trade uncertainties. 

RoDTEP Scheme 

Read More: RoDTEP 


Sir Creek

04-10-2025

Source: TH 

India’s Defence Minister has stated that any aggressive action by Pakistan in the Sir Creek area would be responded to firmly, highlighting India’s readiness and vigilance. 

Sir Creek

Read more: Disputed Territories of India 


White Rhino

04-10-2025

Source: IE 

The Resurrection Quest, a documentary on cloning, gene editing, and species de-extinction, won the Gold Dolphin Award for showcasing efforts to save the northern white rhino. 

White Rhino 

RHINOCEROS

Read More: White Rhinos 


Model Youth Gram Sabha(MYGS)

04-10-2025

Source: IE 

The Centre is set to launch the Model Youth Gram Sabha (MYGS), a school-based initiative inspired by Model UN simulations, to provide students practical exposure to local governance and Panchayati Raj functioning. 

MYGS 

Read More: Driving Digital Transformation in Gram Panchayats 


Fireflies as Ecological Indicators

04-09-2025

Source: IE

A Tamil Nadu Forest Department study in the Anamalai Tiger Reserve (ATR)  identified eight firefly species and their population dynamics, emphasizing their role as ecological indicators.

Fireflies (Lampyridae)

Anamalai Tiger Reserve (ATR)

Fireflies

Read More: Firefly for Great Indian Bustard 




BHARATI Initiative

04-09-2025

Source: PIB

The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) has launched the BHARATI initiative to strengthen India’s agri-food exports and foster innovation among startups. 

BHARATI Initiative

APEDA

APEDA

Read More: APEDA & TRIFED 



Single Window System for State DGP Appointments

04-08-2025

Source: TH

The Union Government has introduced a Single Window System (SWS) to standardize and simplify the appointment of State Director Generals of Police (DGPs)/Heads of Police Force (HoPF). 

Key Features of the SWS: 

Superintendence over the State Police: 

State Police System

SC on Police Reform

Read More: Revamping India’s Police System 



Mount Lewotobi Laki Laki

04-08-2025

Source: IE 

Mount Lewotobi Laki Laki, one of Indonesia’s most active volcanoes erupted, spewing ash up to 18 km high and covering nearby villages with volcanic debris. 

Mount_Lewotobi_Laki_Laki

Ring_of_Fire

Read more:  Mount Lewotobi, Kamchatka Peninsula 


50 Years of CITES

04-07-2025

Source: UN 

Why in News?  

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) completed 50 years on 1st July 2025. 

Note: The United Nations General Assembly designated 3rd March as UN World Wildlife Day in 2013, to coincide with the anniversary of the signing of CITES. 

What is CITES? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. With reference to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)

  1. IUCN is an organ of the United Nations and CITES is an international agreement between governments. 
  2. IUCN runs thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural environments. 
  3. CITES is legally binding on the States that have joined it, but this Convention does not take the place of national laws. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b)



Kariyachalli Island

04-07-2025

Source: DTE  

Tamil Nadu, under the TNSHORE (Tamil Nadu Sustainably Harnessing Ocean Resources) project, is working to protect the ecologically vital Kariyachalli Island in the Gulf of Mannar, which has shrunk by over 70% since 1969 and may be submerged by 2036. 

Kariyachalli Island 

Gulf of Mannar 

 Gulf_of_Mannar

Read More: Coral Breach in Gulf of Mannar 


Blocking of AI Web Crawler

04-07-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News?  

In a landmark move, major US and UK publishers have started blocking Artificial Intelligence (AI) web crawlers to prevent unauthorised use of their content.  

What is an AI Web Crawler? 

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the challenges posed by Artificial Intelligence (AI) web crawlers  to India's copyright regime. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Mains

Q. In a globalized world, Intellectual Property Rights assume significance and are a source of litigation. Broadly distinguish between the terms—Copyrights, Patents and Trade Secrets. (2014)



Exercise EKUVERIN

03-12-2025

Source:PIB 

The 14th edition of the Joint Military Exercise, EKUVERIN, between the Indian Army and the Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF) commenced in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. 

India-Maldives Defence Relations 

Maldives

Read more: Strengthening India-Maldives Defence Cooperation 


Celebrating State/UTs Formation Day

03-11-2025

Source: BS

Why in News? 

On 1st November, eight Indian states including Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Tamil Nadu, along with five Union Territories (UTs) namely Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Delhi, Lakshadweep and Puducherry, celebrate their Formation Day.

Which Indian States and UTs Celebrate their Formation Day on 1st November?

States

State

Formation Date

Formed By

Status Before Formation

Andhra Pradesh

1st November 1953

Andhra State was created in 1953 and the state of Andhra Pradesh was formed in 1956 under States Reorganisation Act, 1956.

Part of Andhra State and Hyderabad State

Karnataka

1st  November 1956

States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (as Mysore State)

Parts of Bombay State, Coorg State, Hyderabad State and Mysore State

Kerala

1st  November 1956

States Reorganisation Act, 1956

Part of Madras State and Travancore-Cochin

Madhya Pradesh

1st  November 1956 (reorganised)

States Reorganisation Act, 1956

Central Provinces and Berar, princely states of Eastern States Agency

Tamil Nadu

1st  November 1956 (as Madras State), renamed in 1969

States Reorganisation Act, 1956

Part of Madras State and Travancore-Cochin

Haryana

1st  November 1966

Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966

Part of East Punjab

Punjab

1st  November 1966 (current form)

Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966

Part of East Punjab

Chhattisgarh

1st  November 2000

Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000

Part of Madhya Pradesh

Union Territories

Union Territory (UT)

Formation Date

Formed By

Status Before Formation

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

1st  November 1956

States Reorganisation Act, 1956

Part D State

Delhi

1st  November 1956

States Reorganisation Act, 1956

Delhi (Part C State)

Lakshadweep

1st  November 1956

States Reorganisation Act, 1956

Part of Madras State

Puducherry

1st  November 1954 (de facto), 1963 (UT status)

Treaty of Cession with France and Government of Union Territories Act, 1963

French India territories

Chandigarh

1st  November 1966

Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966

Part of East Punjab

What are the Provisions Related to Formation of States/UTs in India?

Commissions Related to State Reorganisation in India

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What Articles of the Constitution govern the formation and reorganisation of States and Union Territories?
Articles 1 to 4 cover the Union and its territory. Article 2 admits or establishes new States, Article 3 empowers Parliament to form or alter States, and Article 4 deals with incidental amendments to the First and Fourth Schedules.

2. Why are laws under Articles 2 and 3 not treated as constitutional amendments?
Article 4 explicitly states that laws made under Articles 2 or 3 may amend the First and Fourth Schedules but will not be considered amendments under Article 368, allowing Parliament to reorganise territories by ordinary legislation.

3. What was the purpose of the States Reorganisation Commission?
The SRC examined demands for linguistic reorganisation, recommended reorganisation mainly on linguistic lines while stressing unity, administrative efficiency its recommendations led to the States Reorganisation Act, 1956.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Q. Which was the Capital of Andhra State when it was made a separate State in the year 1953? (2008)

(a) Guntur

(b) Kurnool

(c) Nellore

(d) Warangal

Ans: (b)



Amazon Rainforest

03-10-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

A Nature study shows Amazon Rainforest trees are growing larger as rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels triggers the carbon fertilisation effect, enhancing photosynthesis and plant growth, which increases carbon storage and may help offset climate change. 

What is the Carbon Fertilisation Effect? 

What are the Key Facts About the Amazon Rainforest? 

Amazon_Rainforest

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the carbon fertilisation effect observed in the Amazon Rainforest? 
It is the process where rising atmospheric CO2 boosts photosynthesis and plant growth, increasing biomass and carbon storage, which may help mitigate climate change.

2. Where is the Amazon Rainforest located, and what is its size? 
Located in South America, the Amazon Rainforest spans about 6 million sq. km, covering 60% of Brazil and spreading across Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana.

3. Why is the Amazon Rainforest called the “Lungs of the Earth”? 
It produces around 20% of the world’s oxygen and acts as a major carbon sink, regulating global climate and supporting biodiversity.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2023)

Statement-I: The soil in tropical rain forests is rich in nutrients. 

Statement-II: The high temperature and moisture of tropical rain forests cause dead organic matter in the soil to decompose quickly. 

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?  

(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I 

(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I 

(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect 

(d) statement I is incorrect but statement II is correct. 

Ans: d



Please share the BPS test file

03-09-2025

Source: TH

India has developed CEREBO, an indigenous, hand-held diagnostic device to detect traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), aiming to improve early detection and patient outcomes, particularly in rural and emergency settings.

Key Features of CEREBO:

Read more: Brainoware




Collegium System of Judicial Appointments in India

03-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

The Supreme Court of India returned to its full sanctioned strength of 34 judges, with the appointment of two new judges recommended by the Collegium system.

What is the Collegium System?

Evolution of the Collegium System

Constitutional Basis for Appointment of Judges

What are the Arguments for and Against the Collegium System of Appointment?

Arguments for

Arguments Against

Conclusion

The Collegium system, though criticized, remains a cornerstone of India’s judicial independence. It can be further strengthened by introducing checks and balances, greater transparency, and merit-based oversight, while remaining free from executive influence.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Judicial Appointments in India remain a contested arena between judicial independence and democratic accountability. Examine the evolution and challenges of the Collegium system.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. The 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India introduced an Article placing the election of the Prime Minister beyond judicial review. 
  2. The Supreme Court of India struck down the 99th Amendment to the Constitution of India as being violative of the independence of judiciary. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (b)

Mains 

Q. Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on the ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to the appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. (2017)



NCB’s Operation- MED MAX

03-07-2025

Source: TH 

The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB), under Operation MED MAX and in coordination with international agencies, has dismantled a transnational drug cartel operating across more than 10 countries in Asia, North America, Europe, and Oceania. 

Read more: Combating Synthetic Drug Trafficking in India 




NATGRID–NPR Integration

03-01-2026

Source: TH

Why in News?

National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) has been linked to the National Population Register (NPR), allowing authorised agencies real-time access to family-level demographic data of nearly 119 crore residents, significantly expanding India’s intelligence and investigation architecture.

What are the Key Facts About National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID)?

National Population Register (NPR)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

  1. What is NATGRID and why was it created?
    NATGRID is a secure intelligence-sharing platform conceived after the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks to break information silos and enable real-time data access for counter-terrorism and criminal investigations.

  2. What new capability does linking NATGRID with NPR provide?
    It allows authorised agencies real-time access to family-level demographic data of residents, improving suspect identification and network analysis.

  3. Which law governs the National Population Register?
    NPR is prepared under the Citizenship Act, 1955 and the Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and Issue of National Identity Cards) Rules, 2003.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2009)

  1. Between Census 1951 and Census 2001, the density of the population of India has increased more than three times.
  2. Between Census 1951 and Census 2001, the annual growth rate (exponential) of the population of India has doubled.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (d)



Quadrilateral Security Dialogue

03-01-2026

Source:TH

Ambassadors of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) countries- the US, India, Australia, and Japan, held a rare publicised meeting in Beijing, describing their ties as “stable and strong.”

Read more: Quad Marks 20 Years of Cooperation



Birth Anniversary of Mannathu Padmanabhan

03-01-2026

Source: PIB

The Prime Minister paid tribute to Mannathu Padmanabhan (2nd January 1878 – 25th February 1970) on his birth anniversary, remembering him as a towering social reformer who dedicated his life to dignity, equality, and nation-building.

Read more: 100 Years of Vaikom Satyagraha



World AIDS Day 2025

02-12-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare organised the World AIDS Day 2025 observance under the theme Overcoming disruption, transforming the AIDS response” and highlighted the national progress on AIDS control. 

What is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/AIDS? 

What is India's National AIDS Control Programme (NACP)? 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is HIV and how is it transmitted? 
HIV attacks the immune system, primarily CD4 cells, and spreads via infected bodily fluids—blood, semen, vaginal fluids, or breast milk. Casual contact does not transmit the virus. 

Q. What is the primary goal of the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) Phase-V? 
NACP-V aims to end AIDS as a public health threat by 2030, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.3, through comprehensive prevention, testing, and treatment. 

Q. What are the key achievements of India under NACP-V? 
HIV testing increased from 4.13 crore to 6.62 crore, ART coverage rose from 14.94 lakh to 18.60 lakh, and viral load testing nearly doubled. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Q. Which of the following diseases can be transmitted from one person to another through tattooing? (2013)

  1. Chikungunya  
  2. Hepatitis B  
  3. HIV-AIDS  

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:  

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only   

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (b)

Q. Which one of the following statements is not correct? (2019) 

(a) Hepatitis B virus is transmitted much like HIV.   

(b) Hepatitis B unlike Hepatitis C, does not have a vaccine.   

(c) Globally, the number of people infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses arc several times more than those infected with HIV.   

(d) Some of those infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses do not show the symptoms for many years.   

Ans: (b)

Q. With regard to the transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which one of the following statements is not correct? (2010) 

(a) The chances of transmission from female to male are twice as likely as from male to female 

(b) The chances of transmission are more if a person suffers from other sexually transmitted infections   

(c) An infected mother can transmit the infection to her baby during pregnancy, at childbirth and by breast feeding   

(d) The risk of contracting infection from transfusion of infected blood is much higher than an exposure to contaminated needle   

Ans: (a)

Q. Consider the following statements: (2010)

  1. Hepatitis B is several times more infectious than HIV/AIDS  
  2. Hepatitis B can cause liver cancer  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?   

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only   

(c) Both 1 and 2   

(d) Neither 1 nor 2   

Ans: (c) 



Antarctica Day and 25 Years of NCPOR

02-12-2025

Source: PIB 

India celebrated Antarctica Day (1st December) while also marking 25 years of the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Goa reaffirming its role as the country’s lead institution for polar and ocean exploration. 

Read more:  India's Tryst with Antarctica 



Assam’s Three-Tier Classification of STs

02-12-2025

Source: ET 

Why in News?  

Assam is facing unrest after a Group of Ministers (GoM) proposed a new three-tier Scheduled Tribes (ST) classification to grant ST status to six communities. While the move has satisfied the applicant groups, it has triggered strong opposition from existing tribals, sparking protests across the state. 

What did Assam’s GoM Recommend on ST Classification? 

How are Scheduled Tribes Notified in India? 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q. Who notifies Scheduled Tribes under the Constitution? 
The President notifies STs for each State/UT after consulting the Governor (Article 342); additions/removals can be made only by Parliament through law.

Q. Does the Constitution define criteria for identifying Scheduled Tribes?
No — the Constitution names STs but does not define criteria; the Lokur Committee (1956) recommended criteria like primitive traits, distinct culture, geographic isolation and backwardness.

Q. Can states sub-classify SCs/STs for reservations?
Following State of Punjab v. Davinder Singh (2024), the Supreme Court upheld sub-classification and permitted states to create sub-groups to ensure equitable benefit distribution, subject to law and constitutional limits.

Summary 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question: 

Prelims

Q.1 Consider the following pairs: (2013)   

Tribe           State   

  1. Limboo (Limbu) -  Sikkim  
  2. Karbi  - Himachal Pradesh  
  3. Dongaria Kondh  - Odisha  
  4. Bonda  - Tamil Nadu  

Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?   

(a) 1 and 3 only   

(b) 2 and 4 only   

(c) 1, 3 and 4 only   

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4   

Ans: (a)  

Q.2 Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India: (2019)   

  1. PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.   
  2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status.   
  3. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far.   
  4. Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs.   

Which of the statements given above are correct?   

(a) 1, 2 and 3   

(b) 2, 3 and 4   

(c) 1, 2 and 4   

(d) 1, 3 and 4   

Ans: (c)  

Q3. Consider the following organizations/bodies in India: (2023) 

  1. The National Commission for Backward Classes 
  2. The National Human Rights Commission 
  3. The National Law Commission 
  4. The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission 

How many of the above constitutional bodies? 

(a) Only one 
(b) Only two 
(c) Only three 
(d) All four 

Ans: (a)



Aadi Vaani: AI Translator for Tribal Languages

02-09-2025

Source: TH

The Union government launched the beta version of Aadi Vaani, India’s First AI-powered Translator for Adivasi languages, to strengthen communication and capacity-building in tribal districts.

BHASHINI (BHASHa INterface for India)

Read more:  Digital India BHASHINI




Exercise Yudh Kaushal 3.0

02-09-2025

Source: TH

The Indian Army conducted Exercise Yudh Kaushal 3.0 in the Kameng region of Arunachal Pradesh.

Exercise Yudh Kaushal

Read More: Major Military Exercises of India 



Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025

02-08-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

Key provisions of the Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025 have come into force, aiming to enhance banking governance, improve audit transparency, strengthen depositor protection, and bring cooperative banks under a more robust regulatory framework. 

What is Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025? 

Read more:

 

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With reference to ‘Urban Cooperative Banks’ in India, consider the following statements: (2021)

  1. They are supervised and regulated by local boards set up by the State Governments. 
  2. They can issue equity shares and preference shares. 
  3. They were brought under the purview of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 through an Amendment in 1966. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b) 

Q. With reference to the ‘Banks Board Bureau (BBB)’, which of the following statements are correct? (2022)

  1. The Governor of RBI is the Chairman of BBB. 
  2. BBB recommends for the selection of heads for Public Sector Banks. 
  3. BBB helps the Public Sector Banks in developing strategies and capital raising plans. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (b)



Earth’s Oldest-Known Rocks

02-07-2025

Source: TH 

A volcanic rock belt in Quebec’s (Canada) Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt, dated to be 4.16 billion years old, has been identified as the oldest-known rock on Earth, originating from the Hadean eon (4.5–4.03 billion years ago), when Earth itself was formed about 4.6 billion years ago. 

Geological_Time_Scale

Read More: Earth’s Mantle and Evolution of Life 




BEE Standards and Labelling Programme

02-01-2026

Source: TH

Why in News?

The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has tightened India’s energy efficiency regime by making star labelling mandatory for a wider range of appliances, thereby expanding compulsory energy performance disclosure under the Standards and Labelling (S&L) Programme.

What is the BEE’s Standards and Labelling (S&L) Programme?

India’s Energy Efficiency Initiatives

Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

  1. What is the Standards and Labelling (S&L) Programme?
    It is an energy efficiency programme launched in 2006 under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 to rate appliances on a 1–5 star scale based on energy performance.

  2. Who implements the S&L Programme in India?
    The programme is implemented by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency under the Ministry of Power.

  3. Why is expansion of mandatory star labelling significant?
    It improves transparency, reduces electricity demand, lowers consumer bills, and has already cut about 60 million tonnes of CO₂ annually.

  4. What is the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE)?
    NMEEE is a mission under NAPCC focusing on industrial and market-based energy efficiency through PAT, MTEE, EEFP, and FEEED.

  5. What is the purpose of the State Energy Efficiency Index (SEEI)?
    It assesses and compares energy efficiency performance of States and UTs, encouraging data-driven governance and healthy competition.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question: 

Prelims 

Q. With reference to street lighting, how do sodium lamps differ from LED lamps? ( 2021)

  1. Sodium lamps produce light at 360 degrees but it is not so in the case of LED lamps. 
  2. As street lights, sodium lamps have a longer lifespan than LED lamps. 
  3. The spectrum of visible light from sodium lamps is almost monochromatic, while LED lamps offer significant colour advantages in street lighting. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below. 

(a) 3 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c)

Q. On which of the following can you find the Bureau of Energy Efficiency Star Label? (2016)

  1. Ceiling fans 
  2. Electric geysers 
  3. Tubular fluorescent lamps 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (d)



National Investigation Agency (NIA)

02-01-2026

Source: TH

In 2025, the National Investigation Agency recorded a landmark counter-terror performance with an over 92% conviction rate, reflecting a significantly strengthened internal security enforcement framework.

National Investigation Agency (NIA)

Read more: National Investigation Agency


MH60R Helicopter

01-12-2025

Source:PIB 

India has signed Letters of Offer and Acceptance (LOAs) worth Rs 7,995 crore with the US for five-year sustainment support of the Indian Navy’s MH-60R multi-role helicopters. 

Read more: MH-60R Multi-Mission Helicopters 


UN Secretary-General

01-12-2025

Source: UN  

Why in News?  

The United Nations has officially launched the selection process to choose the next Secretary-General (SG), who will take office in January 2027 once Antonio Guterres completes his second term on 31st  December 2026. 

What are the Key Facts About the UN Secretary-General? 

UN

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is the legal basis for appointing the UN Secretary-General? 
Appointment is done by the UN General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council as provided by Article 97 of the UN Charter.

Q. How are candidates for Secretary-General nominated? 

Member States submit nominations after a joint invitation from the Presidents of the UNGA and UNSC; nominees normally provide a vision statement, CV and campaign financing disclosures.

Q. What majority is required for a Security Council recommendation? 
A candidate typically needs at least nine affirmative votes in the member Council and must face no veto from any permanent member to be recommended.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. With reference to the “United Nations Credentials Committee”, consider the following statements: (2022) 

  1. It is a committee set up by the UN Security Council and works under its supervision.    
  2. It traditionally meets in March, June and September every year    
  3. It assesses the credentials of all UN members before submitting a report to the General Assembly for approval.    

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (2022)

(a) 3 only    

(b) 1 and 3    

(c) 2 and 3    

(d) 1 and 2    

Ans: (a) 

Q. With reference to the United Nations, consider the following statements: (2009) 

  1. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the UN consists of 24 member States.   
  2. It is elected by a 2/3rd majority of the General  Assembly for a 3-year term.   

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only     

(b) 2 only    

(c) Both 1 and 2     

(d) Neither 1 nor 2    

Ans: (b)



India Secures Six-Month US Waiver for Chabahar Port

01-11-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

India has received a six-month waiver from US sanctions on Iran’s Chabahar Port, allowing continued Indian operations there until at least April 2026.

What are the Key Facts About the Chabahar Port?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Where is the Chabahar Port located? 

It is situated in Iran’s Sistan–Baluchestan province on the Gulf of Oman, near the Strait of Hormuz.

2. What are the two main ports at Chabahar Port?

Shahid Beheshti and Shahid Kalantari are the two principal terminals; India was offered development of Shahid Beheshti and operates it through IPGL.

3. Which corridor links Chabahar Port with Russia and Europe?

 The International North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC).

4. Why is Chabahar strategically important for India?

It provides a direct sea–land route to Afghanistan and Central Asia bypassing Pakistan, links to INSTC, and counters Chinese influence via China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. What is the importance of developing Chabahar Port by India? (2017)

(a) India’s trade with African countries will enormously increase.

(b) India’s relations with oil-producing Arab countries will be strengthened.

(c) India will not depend on Pakistan for access to Afghanistan and Central Asia.

(d) Pakistan will facilitate and protect the installation of a gas pipeline between Iraq and India.

Ans: (c)



India Crosses 500 GW Power Capacity Mark

01-11-2025

Source: PIB

India has achieved a significant milestone with the nation’s total installed electricity capacity surpassing 500 GW. More than 51% of this capacity now originates from non-fossil fuel sources.

Read More: India’s Renewable Energy Revolution



Kendriya Grihmantri Dakshata Padak 2025

01-11-2025

Source: PIB

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has honoured 1,466 personnel from various States, Union Territories, Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) and Central Police Organisations (CPOs) with the ‘Kendriya Grihmantri Dakshata Padak 2025’.

Read more:  Rashtriya Ekta Diwas 2025: Sardar Patel @150 - A Legacy of Unity


India’s manufacturing sector shows momentum but faces persistent bottlenecks

01-10-2025

Source: IE

Why in News? 

Climate Activist Sonam Wangchuk was detained under the National Security Act (NSA), 1980, which allows the government to act pre-emptively against individuals considered a threat to public order or national security.

What is Preventive Detention?

What is the National Security Act,1980?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is preventive detention under Indian law?

Holding a person to prevent potential threats to public order, security, or essential supplies, not as punishment.

2. Which constitutional provision governs preventive detention in India?

Article 22 permits preventive detention, allowing up to 3 months without Advisory Board approval and longer detention with review by an Advisory Board of High Court judges.

3. What is the National Security Act,1980?

The NSA is a preventive detention law that allows authorities to detain individuals to protect India’s security, public order, and essential supplies.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements:

  1. According to the Constitution of India, the Central Government has a duty to protect States from internal disturbances.
  2. The Constitution of India exempts the States from providing legal counsel to a person being held under preventive detention.
  3. According to the Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA), 2002, a confession made by the accused to the police cannot be used as evidence.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one

(b) Only two

(c) All three

(d) None

Ans: B 



International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

01-10-2025

Source: PIB

India has been re-elected to the Part II of the Council of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for the 2025–2028 term. 

India and ICAO

Read more: International Civil Aviation Organisation



Payments Regulatory Board (PRB)

01-10-2025

Source: IE

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has established a six-member Payments Regulatory Board (PRB) to enhance oversight and governance of the country’s payment systems.

Regulation of Payment Systems in India

Read More: Unified Payments Interface (UPI)



Exercise Bright Star 2025

01-09-2025

Source: PIB

Indian Armed Forces personnel are participating in the 19th edition of Exercise Bright Star 2025, which is being held in Egypt.

Other Key Multilateral Military Exercises Involving India: 

Exercise Name

Hosting/Lead Countries (Along with India)

Malabar (Naval)

US, Japan, Australia

MILAN (Naval)

Indonesia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand and several others

RIMPAC (Naval)

US, Australia, Canada, Japan, India and several others

IBSAMAR (Naval)

Brazil & South Africa

Read More: Major Military Exercises of India 




Gangotri Glacier Retreat Signals Climate Peril

01-09-2025

Source: DTE

A study by IIT Indore and ICIMOD (Nepal) reveals that the Gangotri Glacier System (GGS), the primary source of the Ganga, has lost 10% of its snowmelt flow over 1980–2020 due to rising temperatures and climate change.

Gangotri Glacier

Ganga River System

Gangotri Glacier

Read More: River Ganga 



Hot Springs & Origin of Life

01-08-2025

Source: DST 

Scientists in Puga Valley hot springs, Ladakh, discovered travertine (calcium carbonate) deposits capable of trapping organic molecules like amino acids, fatty acids, and formamide. 

Hot Springs & Geysers 

Hot Springs 

Geysers 

  • In a hot spring the heated water flows out continuously without any eruptive activity.  
  • Such hot springs are common in Yellowstone Park US; Badrinath and Manikaran in India 
  • These hot springs are very healthy for bathing. 
  • In a geyser, hot water and steam are thrown out at intervals in the form of a fountain.  
  • There is an Old Faithful geyser which erupts out exactly in one hour intervals; these are about 100 geysers. 

Read More: Geothermal Power in Ladakh 


RBI Tightens Investment Norms in AIFs

01-08-2025

Source: TH 

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has new norms to limit investment by regulated entities (REs) in Alternative Investment Fund (AIF) schemes to prevent evergreening, reduce concentration risk, and improve financial risk management. 

AIF_Categories

Read more: Ubharte Sitaare Alternative Investment Fund 


Environment Protection (Management of Contaminated Sites) Rules, 2025

01-08-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has notified the Environment Protection (Management of Contaminated Sites) Rules, 2025 under the Environment Protection Act (EPA), 1986.  

What are the Key Provisions of the Environment Protection (Management of Contaminated Sites) Rules, 2025? 

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

 

UPSC Civil Services Exam, Previous Year Questions (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)

The Environment Protection Act, 1986 empowers the Government of India to: 

  1. State the requirement of public participation in the process of environmental protection, and the procedure and manner in which it is sought. 
  2. Lay down the standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sources. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (b)



Project 17A Frigate Himgiri

01-08-2025

Source: PIB 

Himgiri (Yard 3022), the 3rd ship of the Nilgiri Class (Project 17A), built at Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata, was delivered to the Indian Navy, marking a key milestone in India’s journey towards self-reliance in warship design and construction. 

Read more: INS Nilgiri 

Project 17A and INS Taragiri 



Inauguration of National Turmeric Board in Nizamabad

01-07-2025

Source: TH 

The Union Home Minister inaugurated the National Turmeric Board in Nizamabad, Telangana, to develop a complete value chain for turmeric, including packaging, branding, marketing, and export.  

Turmeric 

Spices_in_India

Read More: National Turmeric Board 




India as the World’s Fourth Largest Economy

01-01-2026

Source: TH

The Government announced that India has surpassed Japan to become the world's fourth-largest economy with a GDP of USD 4.18 trillion and is the fastest-growing major economy. Currently, India is behind the United States (USD 30.6 trillion), China (USD 19.4 trillion), and Germany (USD 5 trillion). 

Read More: Targeting Higher Growth Rate for India


India–Maldives Infrastructure Cooperation

01-01-2026

Source: TH

The Ministry of Civil Aviation asked the Airports Authority of India (AAI) to examine the Maldives’ proposal to engage Indian companies for the management of Hanimaadhoo airport.

Read more: India and Maldives


India’s Mega Rail Projects

01-01-2026

Source: PIB

Indian Railways is undertaking landmark 21st-century infrastructure projects that are transforming connectivity, boosting logistics, and showcasing India’s engineering capability and long-term development vision.

What are the Recent Landmark Railway Infrastructure Projects in India?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

  1. What is special about the Chenab Rail Bridge?
    It is the world’s highest railway arch bridge (359 m above river).
  2. What makes the New Pamban Bridge unique?
    It is India’s first vertical-lift sea railway bridge.
  3. How has rail connectivity improved in the North-East?
    Through new tracks, electrification, Aizawl’s first rail link and station redevelopment.
  4. What are Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs)?
    Exclusive freight routes to reduce congestion and logistics cost.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Q. With reference to bio-toilets used by the Indian Railways, consider the following statements: (2015)

  1. The decomposition of human waste in the biotoilets is initiated by a fungal inoculum.
  2. Ammonia and water vapour are the only end products in this decomposition which are released into the atmosphere.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (d)